The Church And Kingdom Of God - 906 Words

From birth through early adulthood, I was a member of a holiness church named Triumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ. My grandfather was my first pastor, my uncle was my pastor after my grandfather retired and my mom was my pastor when I transitioned out of my home church. My home church taught to know that God is real and that God is in control; but they did not teach me about Jesus or having a relationship with God. There were teachings from my home church that never really made sense to me and no one could explain those things or answer my questions. So I was just going to church and living by church rules; I needed more and I desired to know more. Around the time that I decided to leave my home church a friend challenged me to read the Bible for myself and how fascinating and captivating it is to read the Bible. Although I was raised in the church, I knew very little scripture or bible stories; my home church taught a lot of church doctrine. I began in Genesis an d really began to love reading and studying the Bible. I came into the knowledge of Jesus in my mid-twenties and received Him as my Lord and Savior at age 28 on Sunday, December 3, 2006. That was the best decision that I ever made and life has not been the same since. I have served in church ministry since I was a child; being closely related the Pastor meant doing whatever needed to be done in the church. As an adult I learned about Spiritual Gifts and discovered that I had a gift ofShow MoreRelatedWhy The Church Is A Complex Concept Of Grasp1497 Words   |  6 Pagesmany reasons why the church is one, but to actually be â€Å"one† is a complex concept to grasp. To be one means to be united, and unity is a powerful bond held together for a common purpose. For example, through the Trinity, God is one in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Likewise, all the aspects of the church is one just like the relationship of the Trinity. However, the Trinity is also one of the primary ways the church is united. The Trinity is the leader in making the church one. As Lumen GentiumRead MoreThe Coming Of The Kingdom Guides801 Words   |  4 PagesRidderbos’ The Coming of the Kingdom guides us through the lens of the Scripture alone that we must grasp God’s kingdom to have a Theocentric view that The Kingdom is truly God’s and not man centered. The kingdom is not a condition of society to produce a social Gospel. Too often it is forgotten that God’s kingdom is truly about God. When we ask ourselves or others what God’s kingdom will be like, common thoughts are, what it will be like for myself? How will I experience Heaven? AdditionallyRead MoreWhat Is Meant by the Kingdom of God Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesused the term: ‘Kingdom of God’. The term ‘Kingdom of God’ (or as is otherwise referred to as ‘Kingdom of Heaven’ in Matthews Gospel) is mentioned throughout the Four Gospels. Over the centuries many scholars have reached the same conclusion that the central theme of Jesus’ message regards the ‘Kingdom of God.’ But what did Jesus mean by this term? This essay aims to discuss the meaning of the term ‘Kingdom of God’ and what Jesus must have meant by this. ‘The Kingdom of God’ is perceivedRead MoreThe Holy And Resurrection Of Jesus Christ995 Words   |  4 Pagesgive purpose to the Church who, like a bride, awaits her groom. The eschatological reality of the coming Kingdom of God, inaugurated in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, presently breaks forth to forms the Church for its mission. As Aleksandr Schmemann writes, â€Å"the Church itself is a leitourgia, a ministry, a calling to act in this world after the fashion of Christ, to bear testimony to Him and His kingdom.†1 This leitourgia is embodied in the central practice of the Church, instituted by theRead MoreThe Prayer Of The Lord s Supper819 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"And it is by God s will that we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.†1 The Church is sanctified, set apart in the power of the Holy Spirit, to participate in the Kingdom building work of God. The practice of the Lord s Supper, that remembers and celebrates this reality, is the foundation of Christian worship that forms this identity of the Church. As Gordon Lathrop writes: But here is a beginning: Assembly, a gathering together of participating personsRead MoreGod s Rescue Operation By Wright Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesExists, argues that God has no intention of â€Å"abandoning this world†, instead God has a glorious â€Å"rescue operation† planned, raising â€Å"all His people to new bodily life to live in it†. (Wright 58) God has begun this magnificent rescue operation utilizing Israel, the Church, and Jesus to complete his plan. Through these three, Wright believes that God intends for the â€Å"kingdom of the world to become kingdom of God† in which â€Å"the beauty of this world will be enfolded in the beauty of God†, only completingRead MoreThomas Langford s Central Doctrines Of The Christian Faith960 Words   |  4 Pagesreign (kingdom) of God is both a present and future reality. In the Old Testament, God s kingdom is portrayed as a place where the Lord rules over all. Many of the prophets talked of a time where peace and justice under God would never end (Isaiah 2:4, Daniel 7:14, Zechariah 14:9). In the New Testament, Jesus talked frequently about the kingdom in ways that show it is here now, partially here, or has not come at all yet. While Wesley anticipated a soon return of Christ to claim his Kingdom, heRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity And Missions1323 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved in some aspect of sending. As stated above, God is a God of love and compassion and who is concerned to provide a way to reconcile sinners to Himself in order that He may be glorified by people from every tribe, tongue, and nation. God the Father is revealed to send various messengers and prophets to reveal Himself, communicate His will to others, and to accomplish His plan and purposes in history. The Old Testament is replete with examples of God sending His prophets to proclaim His name. ThereRead MoreTheology of Missions1707 Words   |  7 Pages2 The Nature of God and Missions 3 Two Aspects of Missions Theology: Ecclesiology and the Trinity 4 Two Key Motifs of Mission Theology 5 Mission Theology and a Missionary, Church Leaders, and Lay People 6 Bibliography 7 i Introduction What is theology? According to a theological dictionary, it is simply the study of God and His creation. After the fall of Lucifer and his angels and then the fall of mankind, God had a plan in motionRead MoreChurch In Asia Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesHeading New Ways of Being Church in Asia Since 1974 up to 2016, the FABC has officially held eleven plenary assemblies in various countries. After each assembly, the FABC published a final statement call â€Å"FABC Papers.† This paragraph is going to highlight three important assemblies: the seventh, the tenth, and the eleventh. Approaching its maturity, the church of Asia has flourished as expressed in the VII-FABC (Samphran, Thailand, 2000), with its theme â€Å"A Renewed Church in Asia: A Mission of Love

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Macbeth -...

Lady Macbeth as a Tool of Fate The play of Macbeth is all about power and greed. It is about ambition overriding inhibitions and the conscience of a good man. We know that most people consider Macbeth to be a good and a brave man at the start of the book, for example King Duncan himself refers to him as â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman!† He is admired for his skills in battle by everyone. It is hard to say what driving force underlies the events of the story, and it is equally hard to know what emotions or convictions drove the characters to do what they did. Parts of the text give us detail and insight as to the relation and power balance in the marriage of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, this can be interpreted and used to try to†¦show more content†¦After only a few scenes it becomes apparent that it is Lady Macbeth who makes the decisions for them both. She is a very determined person; she also seems very unfeminine and sometimes even evil. She is also highly ambitious. However, although at f irst she appears completely heartless, saying she would have â€Å"dashed the brains outâ€Å" of a child of hers in order to become queen, she rarely actually commits an important crime. Her first sign of weakness is that she would not actually kill Duncan herself, saying that, â€Å"Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done’tâ€Å" In the first few scenes she seems to be as evil as she proclaims she is, but as the play develops, so her conscience catches up with her and she becomes mentally ill. She shares the symptoms of sleeplessness and hallucinations with Macbeth that hark back to when he heard the voice call â€Å"Sleep no more!â€Å" immediately after Duncan’s murder. This seems to be a curse, as does the vision of bloody hands. If indeed it is an actual curse then this would mean some greater force is involved in the story, but it could alternatively be nothing but their consciences and feelings of guilt and remorse. Lady Macbeth had many reasons for wanting her husband to kill the king; mostly she was driven by ambition. She lusted after a royal title and power. â€Å"The goldenShow MoreRelatedThe Power of Fate vs. Free Will in Medea and Macbeth1850 Words   |  8 PagesPower of Fate vs. Free Will in Medea and Macbeth Throughout both Medea and Macbeth, there is a clear and heavy presence of the gods. This begs the question, are the characters in charge of their own destiny, or are their fates already written? Fate is described as â€Å"that  which  is  inevitably  predetermined;  destiny.† It can be said that it is the gods who are in charge of creating the character’s fates. In both Medea and Macbeth, there is a common theme of placing too much trust into fate, rather than Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Macbeth -... The Concept of Fate in Macbeth Literary critics disagree over the amount of leverage which fate exerted on the Macbeths in the Shakespearean drama Macbeth. Fate was quite influential, but it did not impair their free will; they remained free moral agents who ambitiously and voluntarily surrendered themselves to the evil suggestions of fate. Macbeth: If Chance would have me king, why, Chance may crown me without my stir. A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy references Fate in the play to the Witches prophecies: The words of the witches are fatal to the hero only because there is in him something which leaps into light at the sound of them; but they are at the same time the witness of forces which never†¦show more content†¦[. . .] It is this synchronizing of nature and fortune that soothsayers study, and that the witches in Macbeth know something about. We call it fate, which over-simplifies it. (88-89) In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson explains the stand taken by Macbeth in his relationship with fate: He pits himself no merely against the threat of hell but also against the enmity of Fate (as represented in the prophecies of the Weird Sisters): come, Fate, into the list, And champion me to th utterance. He brags to his wife: But let the frame of tings disjoint, both the worlds suffer, Ere we will eat our meal in fear [. . .]. (70-71) The Tragedy of Macbeth opens in a desert place with thunder and lightning and three Witches who are anticipating their fateful meeting with Macbeth, There to meet with Macbeth. They all say together the mysterious and contradictory Fair is foul, and foul is fair. King Duncan learns that brave Macbeth and Banquo are bravely resisting the Norweyan banners and the rebellious Thane of Cawdor. When these forces are vanquished, Duncan bids Ross to greet Macbeth with his new title of Thane of Cawdor. Before this happens, however, Macbeth is greeted by the witches with hail to thee, thane of Glamis, thane of Cawdor, and thou shalt be king hereafter! When Ross and Angus arrive with news of Duncans rewardShow MoreRelatedMacbeth: Fate vs. Free Will1718 Words   |  7 PagesFate vs. Free Will 11th of January 2013 Throughout the ages, it has been believed that fate has the power to forge one’s destiny. By some uncontrollable force, the outcome of a person’s choices is controlled by the way in which they are destined to occur. On the other hand though, some believe these choices can defy fate and that fate only manipulates ones mind into choosing their own path. One question that seemed to pop into my head through out this play was whether individuals were victims ofRead More Fate vs. Freedom Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pages Fate may state what will be in ones life however, how that destiny comes about is a matter of mans own choice. In other words, incidents dont occur because our destinies are written. In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare expertly uses the theme of fate vs. free will and raises the pre-eminent question of which holds power over the characters. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, fate is not the cause of his downfall, his own desires and choices prove to be the deciding factor. There are several examples ofRead MoreFate vs Free Will in Sophocles ´ Oedipus Rex and Shakespeare ´s Macbeth1487 Words   |  6 PagesFate and free will are two topics that are often questionable because they go hand in hand. Fate is a belief that a certain event is said to happen, then that persons choice and free will lead them to what has been predicted as inevitable. Knowing whether something is fate’s fault or the fault of the person who’s going to enact the said action, is one question that has never been fully answered. In Sophocles Oedipus Rex and Shakespeares Macbeth, fate is determined by their own choices and freeRead MoreRole of Fate in Tess of the DUrbervilles5058 Words   |  21 Pagesso far as Hardy is concerned, he writes tragedy of fate which has a major role to play. This novel is almost like the Greek tragedy in the classical Greek tragedy in the sense that they wrote play in a way where Aristotle wrote Greek tragedy and other things. He was de aling particularly with plays. But the world view was essentially disastrous in tragedy mainly because in those Greek tragedies, the tragedy arose out of the dictates of fate. So, fate had decreed that it would be like this. And, becauseRead MoreMacbeth Fate Vs Free Will2019 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of Our Choices The Tragedy of Macbeth William Shakespeare s haunting and ominous play The Tragedy of Macbeth offers many topics of discussion and debate about human nature such as fate versus free will. This plays a rather large role in the story. However. even though this story seems to be of a pre-destined nature everyone always has the freedom of choice and control over oneself s thoughts and actions. In this story Macbeth chose his fate. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is introducedRead MoreComparison Of Macduff Character In Macbeth1704 Words   |  7 Pagesfunction / is smotherd in surmise† (I,III,138-140). From the beginning of the play, the protagonist Macbeth is drawn into this idea that the only thing that matters is whether or not he is at an advantage and benefitting in any given scenario. This selfish behavior becomes embedded into him and becomes his second nature, in contrast Shakespeare uses Macduff as a foil to the character of Macbeth. Macbeth’s ambition stems from the witches’ prophecies which give him confidence to do as he pleases forRead MoreCan You Truly Ever Escape?2156 Words   |  9 Pageslife of the ancient Greeks, derived from the numerous oracles which were prevalent in ancient Greece as well as from stories which showed the confidence that people of that era had in prophecies.† (Kane) Prophets and prophetesses played a significant role in Greek literature fro m the time of Homer. For instance, the mythological blind prophet Tiresias was an infallible source of information for the Greeks and appears frequently in Greek tragedy. The most memorable of his warnings was in Sophocles’ OedipusRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare and Macbeth8813 Words   |  36 Pageshero was to be pitied in his fallen plight but not necessarily forgiven: Greek tragedy frequently has a bleak outcome. Christian drama, on the other hand, always offers a ray of hope; hence,  Macbeth  ends with the coronation of  Malcolm, a new leader who exhibits all the correct virtues for a king. Macbeth  exhibits elements that reflect the greatest Christian tragedy of all: the Fall of Man. In the Genesis story, it is the weakness of Adam, persuaded by his wife (who has in turn been seduced byRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 PagesQUESTION 5. SIGNIFICANCE AND RATIONALE 6. ANALYSIS 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. ABSTRACT This thesis analysis the textual and symbolic similarities between Shakespeare s tragedies Macbeth and Hamlet and William Faulkner s the sound and the furry and Absalom, Absalom!. Faulkner absorbed essential characteristics of Shakespearean tragedies and utilized them consciously and unconsciously in the creation of his own tragic figures. ComparisonRead MoreMacbeth Is To Blame For His Tragedy in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay3086 Words   |  13 PagesMacbeth Is To Blame For His Tragedy in Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth, the play was one of Shakespeares bloody and goriest tragedies. It was based on a true story of the Celtic throne. It is a play about murder, power, ambition, greed and deception. The play is set in bleak Scotland, where King Duncan rules over all. At the start of the play Scotland is at battle with Norway. Macbeth is Thane of Glamis and has emerged from battle as a brave and courageous solider. He is admired by all as a

Police Legitimacy Notes free essay sample

Effectiveness of the police ultimately depends on their legitimacy. 1st b/c the moral paradox underlying the police use of nonnegotiable coercive force can be resolved only if police actions are qualitatively distinct from other actors’ use of force. 2nd b/c people tend to obey authority out of respect for its legitimacy more than out of fear of its power. Greater police legitimacy decreases the need for nonnegotiable coercive intervention; it also builds active community support for police efforts. -â€Å"Perceptions of legitimacy carry more weight w/ the public than effectiveness of enforcement. †-Tyler, Tom; 88) Tyler and Huo (2001): perceived legitimacy of the police and perceived fairness/favorability of outcomes carry equal weight in citizens’ acceptance of officers’ decisions. The amazing transformation of LAPD: 76% of Latinos and 68% of blacks now give LAPD positive grades (LA Times, 2009 poll) Weber- Tragedy of Power – At some point, force is inevitably necessary to preserve peace and social order. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Legitimacy Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page GRAHAM v. CONNOR * The police use of force is a perennial reminder of the fundamental imperfection of the tragedy of power. * When all else fails, people call the cops (Egon Bittner) ; this is b/c the police role is ultimately define by their monopoly on the right to use nonnegotiable coercive force. We rely on the police precisely because of this monopoly; yet at the same time, we are repulsed by its underlying harsh reality. †¦Leads Us To Mary-Douglas â€Å"Purity and Danger† * We value dirty work as necessary but are repelled by those who do it so there is a moral ambiguity of force, which means that force is sometime necessary, but the decision to use it and judging the extent of its use are inherently unclear.

Toyota Essays - Business, Economy, Lean Manufacturing, Kanban

Toyota Let's start with a Japanese introduction? JIT: Short, for just in time, JIT is manufacturing process aimed at getting the right quantity of quality parts to the assembly line at the exact time they are needed for production. KAIZEN: The Japanese word for ?improvement?, kaizen techniques target and eliminate waste in production processes. KANBAN: The Japanese term for ?sign?, kanban uses standard lot sizes and often, returnable containers with a card attached. These kanban cards, which are pulled as assembly-line workers use parts, alert suppliers that part levels need to be replenished. POKA-YOKE: Loosely translated from Japanese as ?mistake-proof?, this process involves establishing standardized work procedures, such as assembly activities, to prevent errors from occurring. THE FIVE S's: Representing sort, stabilize, shine and sustain, the five S's aim to bring order and conformity to the plant floor. 1.) As Doug Friesen, what would you do to address the seat problem? Where would you focus your attention and solution efforts? In April 1992, Toyota Motor Manufacturing, USA (TMM) had problems in the run ration of the plant. The run ration was down to 85% from 95%. It meant a shortfall of 45 cars per shift, which had to be made up with overtime. Consequently, too many cars needed off-line operations of one type or another before they could go on to shipping. The main source of the problem was the seats defects in the cars. In case of the cars with seat problems, the car went through the assembly line with the defective seat in it. Then the car was driven to the Code 1 clinic area to see if the problem was correctable there. If the problem called for a replacement seat, the car was moved to the overflow parking area where the car waited for new seat to be delivered from the supplier. This routine is in fact an exception given the quality control process in TMM. In TMM, Toyota Production System (TPS) principles would make any production problems instantly self-evident and stop producing whenever problems were detected. In case of the defective seats, the reasons for exception were: a) The final assembly people already knew of the problem. b) It was possible to finish building the car without seat assemblies c) It was felt that stopping the line was too expensive given how long it took to obtain the replacement seat. The seat set was the most expensive of all the purchased parts. TMM's sole seat supplier was Kentucky Framed Seat (KFS), which teamed up well with TMM's operations until TMM proliferated its products, the seat styles increasing from 3 styles with 4 colors up to 18 styles. Even though the supplier tried to adapt the cars with seat defects became the major concern of the assembly plant in 1992. In fact, the manager of the assembly, Dough Friesen should focus mainly on the legitimacy of the exception in the case of the defective seats and the coordination between the plant and the seat supplier. ? It is reported that KFS responded with a special delivery of replacements twice a week. But still, there were cars waiting for the new seats for more than 4 days. ? Occasional incidents of cross threading, that is, when a team member shot a bolt at an angle were fixed easily by team leaders. ? There were very few incidents, which could damage the seat covering with hand tools. ? The hook breakage problem reported by one of the group leaders might also derivate assembly process. Consequently, the manager of the assembly should first identify those processes needing improvement. Second, he should gather more data about the problems by interviewing the personnel in details. Finally, he should analyze this data in order to figure out gaps between the standards and the current outputs. 2.) What options exist? What would you recommend? Why? We note that the signs of problems appear after TMM proliferated the number of seat styles from 3 to 18. Even though KFS operated as a part of the assembly line, all the seat parts being detected through the line from the beginning to the end, the cars have seat defects. In fact, it is not reported that the seats are delivered defective to the plant. The seats are damaged during the assembly. Hence, one

Oxygen free essay sample

In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. The salt called potassium chloride is made when potassium hydroxide solution reacts with hydrochloric acid. potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid ? potassium chloride + water solution solution Describe a method for making crystals of potassium chloride from potassium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid. In this method you should: ? Do not write outside the box escribe how you will add the correct amount of the hydrochloric acid

Free Essays on Homelessness Cause And Effect

Homelessness has taken a toll in many peoples lives in this world. Whether you’re a child or an adult you may experience these gruesome situations. Homelessness is having no home or haven or people without homes considered as a group (Webster 1). Homelessness is no permanent address. There are many causes to homelessness, some extremely sad, others just being selfish then ending up in awful situations which are serious problems. Such things as a missed paycheck, a health crisis, or an unpaid bill push the poor over the edge into homelessness. Homeless population is diverse. Here is a breakdown of homelessness 25%-40% is work, 37% are families with children, 25% are children, 25%-30% are mentally disabled, 30% are veterans and 40% are drug or alcohol dependent. These homeless people live in abandoned buildings, areas under bridges, bus stations, cheap hotels, emergency shelters, subways, and the streets. There are 100 million people homeless worldwide. Some people start on the street and are stranded for a short time. Others are permanently out there for the rest of their life. Sometimes people that go out on the street do get homes but end up back on the street. They say homelessness persists because the growing economy and low unemployment. These reasons include stagnant or falling incomes and less secure jobs which offer fewer benefits. Over the past fifteen to twenty years’ homelessness has risen largely. The reasons for the rise are a growing shortage of affordable rental housing and a simultaneous increase in poverty. Poor people are often unable to pay for housing, food, childcare, and education. Many people have to make difficult choices when they have limited resources and have to cover some necessities. The first thing they choose is housing which absorbs a high proportion of income, which must be dropped. Being poor is the next step of an illness, an accident, or a paycheck away from living on ... Free Essays on Homelessness Cause And Effect Free Essays on Homelessness Cause And Effect Homelessness has taken a toll in many peoples lives in this world. Whether you’re a child or an adult you may experience these gruesome situations. Homelessness is having no home or haven or people without homes considered as a group (Webster 1). Homelessness is no permanent address. There are many causes to homelessness, some extremely sad, others just being selfish then ending up in awful situations which are serious problems. Such things as a missed paycheck, a health crisis, or an unpaid bill push the poor over the edge into homelessness. Homeless population is diverse. Here is a breakdown of homelessness 25%-40% is work, 37% are families with children, 25% are children, 25%-30% are mentally disabled, 30% are veterans and 40% are drug or alcohol dependent. These homeless people live in abandoned buildings, areas under bridges, bus stations, cheap hotels, emergency shelters, subways, and the streets. There are 100 million people homeless worldwide. Some people start on the street and are stranded for a short time. Others are permanently out there for the rest of their life. Sometimes people that go out on the street do get homes but end up back on the street. They say homelessness persists because the growing economy and low unemployment. These reasons include stagnant or falling incomes and less secure jobs which offer fewer benefits. Over the past fifteen to twenty years’ homelessness has risen largely. The reasons for the rise are a growing shortage of affordable rental housing and a simultaneous increase in poverty. Poor people are often unable to pay for housing, food, childcare, and education. Many people have to make difficult choices when they have limited resources and have to cover some necessities. The first thing they choose is housing which absorbs a high proportion of income, which must be dropped. Being poor is the next step of an illness, an accident, or a paycheck away from living on ...

The Law as a form of Deterrence for Drinking and Driving Research Paper

The Law as a form of Deterrence for Drinking and Driving - Research Paper Example According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in the reporting year 2009, alcohol related offenses across the US totaled 15,331 out of 71,048 traffic related offenses, and some studies have placed this estimate at as much as 60 % of all fatalities. Stated in terms of a percentage, this represents over 20 % of all traffic offenses According to the NHTSA, this is a drop overall in the past few decades which coincides with tougher sentencing, greater public awareness and higher conviction rates. However, the numbers continue to be alarming which means that something within the correlation of deterrence and public perception along with convictions and arrests has not been entirely successful. The following will argue that however much deterrence is a factor in the decline of incidents, it is not sufficient to make that much of a significant impact. Toward demonstrating this thesis, the following will look at the legal and social transformations that have taken place, and in turn, examine the nature of deterrence. Before examining the data, existing literature and arguments for and against the relative success of deterrence, a few remarks concerning methodology need to be stated or outlined. In the field of social research, and indeed, any scientific research, there is an important distinction to be made between a correlation and an association that is causal in nature. [Kothari, 2008, p. 138]. There is a common methodological problem with mistaking a correlation as a causal relationship, and this has significant bearing on the following analysis. A simple and absurd example can best illustrate the problem of mistaking a correlation for a causal relation. If we were to say that sea-gulls like eating marine life because they are white, would be a clear mistake of confusing a correlation for a cause. While it is true that sea-gulls eat or diet on seafood to speak, and it is true (mostly true for the sake of an argument) that seagulls have white coloring, it is not true that the color of a bird is going to effect the dietary practices of the bird. The prevalence of the color is being confused for a cause in this instance. While absurd, the example nonetheless highlights an important preliminary methodological consideration. The following will look at the correlations of deterrence as it pertains to lowered amounts of drunk driving offenses and fatalities, but it will do so cautiously. This common problem in social research will be kept in the foreground of the analysis, and concerning ultimate causes of the decline of offenses, this analysis will suspend making an conclusive judgments, and in turn, focus on the 'correlation' of variables that are associated with deterrence and their prevalence. STRATEGIES FOR DETERRENCE. LEGAL STRATEGIES & INTERVENTIONS: Before blood levels became the way in which DUI was determined, arrests used to be done on the basis of the officer acting as a witness and by them administering some basic road-side tests that would evaluate the co-ordina tion and response time of the individual who was suspected of DUI [Chambliss, 2011, p. 63]. Because of the relatively subjective nature of the investigating techniques, and many of the successful challenges to the enforcement of this, the measurement of blood alcohol levels, through blood, breath and urine, became the more accurate standard, and in almost all states the blood alcohol line is .08 % [Chambliss, 2011, p. 64]. Moreover, a more accurate way of measuring blood alcohol levels, impacted the conviction rate for offenders [Chambliss, 2011, p. 65]. However, it did also create a few problems regarding the administration of the test. If a police officer suspects a driver of DUI they can ask them to submit themselves to a

Flexible deterrent option Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Flexible deterrent option - Essay Example FDO is therefore a more collective and integrated approach than other military actions. In this essay therefore, an existing flexible deterrent option is scrutinized by use of initial force analysis to understudy how the FDO increases defense support to the key determinants of FDO mentioned above. The emphasis of deterrence is a Task Force to deter Ahurastani aggression from aggravating. Initial Force Analysis for a Flexible Deterrent Option Capabilities needed to accomplish the specified key tasks For the flexible deterrent option to be successfully executed, there are key capabilities that must be accomplished for each key specific task. An important aspect of the flexible deterrent option is that even though the flexible deterrent option (FDO) has an aim of securing Nakhchivan airfield to facilitate force and sustainment flow into the entire Nakhchivan region, this aim would be seen as a collective goal that cannot be achieved by performing only one task. Once this happens, the FD O becomes an event rather than a process. The aim can therefore be broken down into specific objectives, which are each backed by a specific key task. The collective achievement of the tasks then represents the achievement of the aim3. ... These are sustainable competence, guidance, energy and materials (engagement), combat readiness, information acquisition and processing, environment (knowledge), systems and modeling (maneuver), and force structure. Because of the interrelated nature of the mission of the FDO, these capabilities will be treated as related components of the mission rather than individual capabilities that apportioned forces must exhibit. Resources in apportioned forces There are three major apportioned forces, which are army, air force and navy. Among each of these forces, it is expected that all six capabilities identified above will be exhibited. But in order to make this possible, it is expected that certain resources that enhance the development of the capabilities will be in place. This is particularly necessary as the capabilities cannot be acquired or learned on an independent basis in the absent of resources. Currently, within the army, it is noted that there is an existence of huge problems w ith training, equipping and motivation for soldiers. Meanwhile for capability such as sustainable competence to take place, it is important that soldiers receive training on a constant basis so that their competences can be guaranteed and sustained. The same argument about training is true if capabilities like engagement, combat readiness, knowledge and maneuver can all be acquired4. For the capability of knowledge, which deals with information acquisition and processing to take place, it is expected that the army will be well equipped in the delivery of its duties. A similar case can be made for force structure, sustainable competence and combat readiness, which are all capabilities that cannot be guaranteed in the absence of motivation for soldiers.

The Significance of Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Significance of Place - Essay Example sions this word can be confined to the description; ‘A portion of space with definite or indefinite boundaries’, it could be a room, an office, a house or a chapel. But being less cramped, when it comes to the classification of a ‘Place’ in human life, it means ‘a vital dwelling or locality which may or may not change the behavior and perspective of a person which occupies it’. Hence, it is about time that we acknowledge the significance of place in our lives and study how it matters to us even when unbridled commercialism is eliminating the consistency and liveliness out of architecture as the world becomes ignorant of its important and moves on towards technological development. We cannot steer clear of the magnitude of a place and the effects it has on the human beings that reside in it. People live in places that are poles apart from each other. Alain de Botton bears out, â€Å"Belief in the significance of architecture is premised on the notion that we are, for better or worse, different people in different places—and on the conviction that it is architecture’s task to render vivid to us who we might ideally be.† (13) This goes on to suggest that the importance of place varies for all of us. We are born in hospitals, we grow up in houses, we are educated in schools, we confess in churches, we get married in chapels and then we are buried in graveyards. These places, as infinitesimal they might seem, hold immense value in our lives as they take away a part of us with them as soon as we step in. At birth our first ever body scent is pierced into the walls of hospitals. As we grow up, our emotions and thoughts are embedded into the wall s of our houses. When it’s time for us to confess, our honesty is implanted into the corridor of the church. While we go through the educational phase, our hard work is plastered onto the boards of our class rooms and when it is time for us to get married, a part of our happiness is instilled onto the deep walls

Political Climate Of 19th Century And Nationalism History Essay

Political Climate Of 19th Century And Nationalism History Essay 1. Introduction In this unit I shall introduce you the various aspects of Indian National Movement during its earlier phase. Resistance to British rule had always been there, but it was in 1857 that large sections of Indian people in various regions made a combined effort to overthrow the British. That is why it is often termed as the first war of independence. Due to certain weaknesses the uprising was crushed by the British, but as far as the struggle was concerned there was no going back. This inspired a new kind of struggle. The intelligentsia, which earlier believed in the benevolence of British rule, now came forward to expose its brutality. Political associations were formed and the Indian National Congress played a vital role in directing the freedom struggle. The main focus of this unit is the role of moderates and militant nationalists and the efforts made during the Swadeshi Movement to involve the masses into the freedom struggle. This was also a period of cultural renaissance as far as the Indian society is concerned. Many social and religious reformers took up the battle against the social and religious evils that existed in our society. This contributed immensely towards the making of a new India. 2. Pre-Gandhi Era 2.1. The First War of Independence In 1857, there occurred a revolt, popularly known as the Indias First War of Independence, where millions of soldiers, artisans and peasants made a combined effort to overthrow foreign rule. The Revolt was, however, a no sudden occurrence. It was the culmination of nearly a century-old discontent with the British policies and imperialist exploitation. The British conquered India and colonized its economy and society through a prolonged process. This process led to continuous resistance by the people through a series of civil rebellions led by deposed rulers, impoverished zamindars and poligars (landed military magnates in South India) and ex-officials of the conquered Indian states. The mass base of these rebellions came from the ruined peasants and artisans and demobilized soldiers. Starting with the Sanyasi rebellion and Chuar uprising in Bengal and Bihar in the 1760s, there was hardly a year without armed opposition or a decade without a major armed rebellion in one part of the co untry or the other. From 1763 to 1856 there were more than 40 major rebellions apart from hundreds of minor ones. Though massive in their totality, these rebellions were, however, wholly local in character and effects and were isolated from each other. 2.1.1. Causes The Revolts of 1857 started on 10 May when the Companys Indian soldiers (sepoys) at Meerut rebelled, killed their European officers, marched to Delhi, entered the Red Fort and proclaimed the aged and powerless Bahadur Shah 11 (who still bore the prestigious name of the Mughals) as the Emperor of India. The Companys sepoys had many grievances against their employers, ranging from declining material and other service conditions to religious interference and racial arrogance. But basically they reflected the general discontent with British rule. They were after all a part of Indian society and they were peasants in uniform. The hopes, desires, despair and discontent of other sections of Indian society were reflected in them. The sepoys rebellion was a product of the accumulated grievances of the Indian people. The most important underlying cause of the Revolt was the disruption of the traditional Indian economy and its subordination to British economy and the intense economic exploitation of the country. Above all, the colonial policy of intensifying land revenue demand led to a large number of peasants losing their land to revenue farmers, traders and moneylenders. Destruction of traditional handicrafts ruined and impoverished millions of artisans. The economic decline of peasantry a nd artisans was reflected in 12 major and numerous minor famines from 1770 to 1857. 2.1.2. Extent and intensity The Revolt of 1857 swept Northern India like a hurricane. Nearly half of East India Companys Indian soldiers rebelled. Everywhere in Northern India, the soldiers rebellion was followed by popular revolts of the civilian population. According to one estimate, of the total number of about 1,50,000 men who died fighting the English in Avadh, over 1,00,000 were civilians. The Revolt soon embraced a wide area engulfing Avadh, Rohilkhand, the Duab, the Bundelkhand, Central India, large parts of Bihar, and East Punjab. There were uprising in Rajasthan at Nasirabad, Nimach and Kota. Even in Kolhapur the sepoys rose in arms. In many of the princely states of these regions, the rulers remained loyal to the British but the soldiers and people joined the rebels or refused to fight against them. 2.1.3. Defeat In the end, British imperialism, at the height of its power the world over, succeeded in ruthlessly suppressing the Revolt. The reasons were many. Despite its wide reach, the Revolt could not embrace the entire country or all sections of Indian society. Bengal, South India and large parts of Punjab remained outside its reach since these areas had already exhausted themselves through prolonged rebellions and struggle against the British. Most rulers of Indian states and the big zamindars remained loyal to the foreign rulers. Thus, Scindhia of Gwalior, Holkar of Indore, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Rajput rulers of Jodhpur and many other Rajputana states, the Nawab of Bhopal, the rulers of Patiala and Kashmir, the Ranas of Nepal, and many other rulers and chieftains gave active support to the British in suppressing the Revolt. In general, merchants and moneylenders either supported the British or refused to help the rebels. The modem educated Indians also did not support the Revolt. The leaders of the Revolt fought with courage, but could neither coordinate their struggle nor evolve a unified high command. Instead, they indulged in constant petty quarrels. The rebels were short of modern weapons and often had to fight with primitive weapons such as swords and spikes. They were very poorly organized. The sepoys were brave but at times there was lack of discipline which affected their military efficiency. 2.2. Early Phase of Nationalism The defeat of the Revolt of 1857 made it clear that uprisings based on old outlooks and social forces could not defeat modern imperialism. For that, new social forces, new ideologies, a modern political movement based on an understanding of modern imperialism and capable of mobilizing the masses for nationwide political activity were needed. Such a movement was initiated during the second half of the 19th century by modern nationalist intelligentsia. The new movement had a much narrower social base, but was inspired by new political ideas, new intellectual perception of reality and new social, economic and political objectives. It also represented new forces and forms of struggle, new leading classes and new techniques of political organization. Many factors were responsible for the rise of this powerful movement. 2.2.1. Role of the Intellectuals Initially, this process was grasped only by the modern Indian intellectuals. Paradoxically, during this first half of the 19th century, they had adopted a very supportive approach towards colonial rule for the following reasons: They had believed that the restructuring of Indian society could occur under British rule because Britain was the most advanced country of the time. They hoped that the British would help India get rid of its past backwardness. The intellectuals, attracted by modem industry and the prospects of modern economic development, hoped that, Britain would industrialize India and introduce modern capitalism. They believed that Britain, guided by the doctrine of democracy, civil liberties, and sovereignty of the people, would introduce modern science and technology and modern knowledge in India, leading to the cultural and social regeneration of its people. 2.2.2. Role of Colonial state The open reactionary character of Lyttons Viceroyalty from 1876 to 1880 quickened the pace of Indian nationalism. The list of some of the reactionary methods adopted by Lytton is: The Arms Act of 1878 disarmed the entire Indian people at one stroke. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 sought to suppress the growing Indian criticism of British rule. The reduction of the maximum age for sitting in the Indian Civil Service Examination from 21 years to 19 further reduced the chances of Indians entering the Civil Service. The holding of a lavish imperial Durbar (in 1877) at a time when millions of Indians were dying of famine and waging a costly war against Afghanistan at the cost of the Indian economy. The removal of import duties on British textile imports threatened the existence of the newly rising Indian textile industry. 2.2.3. Emergence of the Indian National Congress The time was now ripe for the formation of an all-lndia organization which could organize and coordinate the political activities of Indians all over the country against foreign rule and exploitation. Various attempts were made in this direction for several years. Surendra Nath Banerjee took the lead by forming the Indian Association. The idea finally got a concrete shape when a large group of political workers such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice M.G. Ranade, K.T. Telang and Badruddin Tyabji cooperated with A. O. Hume, a retired English Civil servant, in holding the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885. The struggle for Indias independence was thus launched, though on a rather small scale. 2.3. Moderate and Militant Nationalists The most important contribution of the early nationalists, known as Moderate nationalists, was their economic critique of imperialism and their persistent agitation on economic questions. They analyzed all the three forms of colonial economic exploitation, i.e. exploitation through trade, industry and finance. They clearly grasped that the essence of British colonialism lay in the subordination of the Indian economy to the British economy. They vehemently opposed the British attempt to develop in India the basic characteristics of a colonial economy, viz. the transformation of India into a supplier of raw materials, a market for British manufacturers and a field of investment for foreign capital. 2.3.1. Moderates Aims and Methods The early nationalists constantly agitated for democratic civil rights, a free press, and a democratic and non-racialist administration. In fact, it was during this period and as a result of political work by the nationalists that democratic ideas began to take root among the Indian people in general, and the intelligentsia in particular. The Moderates also agitated for the spread of modern education, science and technology. In the political field, they demanded reforms that would lead to a greater share for Indians in the administration and legislative machinery. The weakness of the early nationalists lay in the narrow social base of the movement. The movement did not, as yet, have a wide appeal. It did not penetrate down to the masses. The Moderates political work was confined to the urban educated middle classes. Their programme and policies, however, were not confined to the interests of the middle classes. They took up the causes of all sections of the Indian people and represented the interests of the emerging Indian nation against colonial domination. 2.3.2. Militants Aims and Methods The beginning of the 20th century witnessed the development of the Indian National Movement to a new, higher stage under a new militant nationalist leadership. This was in part the fruition of the earlier nationalist agitation, and in part the consequence of the reassertion of imperialism at the end of the 19th century. The symbol of the new imperial assertion, of despotism and efficiency, was Lord Curzon the Viceroy since 1899. Political Indians now despaired of getting political concessions from the rulers through political argument and methods of polite agitation. Indians must, they realized, depend on themselves and take recourse to mass politics and mass agitation around the goal of independence from Britain. The social and economic conditions of the country also pointed in the same direction: Economic decay and stagnation. The fruits of colonial underdevelopment were beginning to surface by the end of the 19th century. Symbolic in this respect were the famines that devastated the country from 1897 to 1900 that killed millions. Several international events at this time contributed to the growth of militant nationalism. The defeat of the Italian army by the Ethiopians in 1896 and Russia by Japan in 1905 exploded the myth of European superiority. Similar was the impact of the revolutionary movements in Ireland, Russia, Egypt, Turkey and China: a united people, who were willing to make sacrifices, were surely capable of overthrowing foreign despotic rule even if it appeared powerful on the surface. 2.4. Swadeshi Movement Thus, conditions were ready for the national movement to advance to a higher stage. The spark was provided when the movement announced its decision to partition the province of Bengal on 20th July 1905. The decision, as the Government claimed, was allegedly based on administrative grounds. But the people of Bengal saw it as an effort to divide the nationalistically inclined Bengali people and thus stem the rising tide of militant nationalism in Bengal and India. Political agitation was inaugurated by a general hartal and a day of fasting on 16th October in Calcutta. Huge crowds paraded the streets of Calcutta and a mammoth meeting of 50,000 was held in the evening. Entire Bengal, from cities to villages, was reverberating with meetings, processions and demonstrations. Soon a new form of political action was added. All foreign goods were to he boycotted and Swadeshi or Indian-made goods alone were to he used. In many places public burnings of foreign cloth were organized and shops selling foreign cloth were picketed. The new leadership also gave a call for passive resistance to the authorities. This was to take the form of non-cooperation with the Government by boycotting schools and colleges, the courts, and government services. This part of the programme could not, however, be put into practice on a significant scale. The new leadership also raised the slogan of independence from foreign rule. One result was that Dadabhai Naoroji declared in his presidential address to the Congress in December 1906 that the goal of the Congress was self-government or Swaraj. 3. Ingression of Mahatma Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose The third and the last phase of the national movement began in 1919 when the era of popular mass movements was initiated. During the First World War, the Allies Britain, France and the U.S.A. had declared that the World War was being fought in defence of democracy and the right of nations to self-determination. But after their victory they showed little willingness to end the colonial rule. The Indians had not only cooperated with the war effort but had considerably suffered also. They hoped of getting due returns. But they were very soon disenchanted. While the British Government made a half-hearted attempt at constitutional reform, it also made it clear that it had no intention to part with political power. A new leader named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, took command. The new leader kept in mind the basic weakness of the previous leadership and sought to remove them. He had evolved a new form of struggle called non-cooperation and a new technique of struggle Satyagraha, which would not remain a mere programme but were capable of being put into practice. He had already put them to test in South Africa while fighting for the rights of immigrant Indians. Gandhi also took up to the cause of peasants in Champaran (Bihar) and the working class in Ahmedabad (Gujarat). This was also a period of rising prices and epidemics in various parts of the country. In many regions the peasants had been subjected to extortions in the name of war effort. Gandhi responded to the growing anger and militancy of the Indian people after the end of the World War and created the organization and techniques that would give the movement a mass base. 3.1. Official Response Throughout the war, the Government had carried on repression of militant nationalists. It now decided to acquire further powers to meet the nationalist challenge. In March 1919 it passed the Rowlatt Act (the Indians called it Black Act) which authorised the Government to imprison any person without trial. The Indian sentiment was outraged. In February 1919, Gandhi started a Satyagraha Sabha whose members were committed to disobeying the Act and thus to court arrest. Thus, Gandhi took the first step towards making the national movement a movement of mass political action, rather than a mere agitation. Simultaneously, he urged the Congress to increasingly rely on the peasants and artisans. Symbolic of the new emphasis was to be the use of Khadi or hand-spun, hand-woven cloth. 3.2. Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Gandhi and the National Congress decided in September 1920 to launch a non-violent, non-cooperation movement and continue it till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and Swaraj established. Gandhi gave the slogan Swaraj in a year. The people were asked to boycott government affiliated schools and colleges, law courts and legislatures and foreign cloth and to surrender officially conferred titles and honors. Later the programme extended to include resignation from government service and mass civil disobedience including the non-payment of taxes. National schools and colleges were to be set up. People were asked to practice hand-spinning and produce khadi, to give up untouchability and promote and maintain Hindu-Muslim unity. Provincial Congress Committees were now to be organised on a linguistic basis. The Congress organization was to reach down to the village level and its membership fee was to be reduced to 4 annas (25 paise of today) per year to enable the rural and urban p oor to become members. This first mass movement assumed unprecedented proportions during 1920-22. Lakhs of students left schools and colleges. Hundreds of lawyers gave up their practice. Majority of voters refused to participate in elections to the legislatures. The boycott of foreign cloth became a mass movement, with thousands of bonfires of foreign cloth lighting the Indian sky. Picketing of shops selling foreign cloth and of liquor shops was also very successful. In many regions the factory workers and peasants were at the forefront. Gandhi was, however, not satisfied. On 4th February 1922 an event occurred called as the Chauri Chaura incident when a Congress procession of 3,000 peasants was fired upon by the police and in retaliation the angry crowd burnt the police station causing the death of 22 policemen. Gandhi took a very serious view of the incident. Feeling that the people were not yet properly trained in non-violence, he called off the entire movement on February 1922. 4. Entry of Subhas Chandra Bose in Indian Politics During the final phase of Indias struggle for independence, Subhash Chandra Bose has made an outstanding contribution. He believed in the ideology of militant patriotism. He was the spearhead of the revolutionary freedom struggle in India. When Subhash Chandra Bose came in India, he joined Congress on the behest of Gandhiji. He met Gandhiji and Nehru and told them about his ideas of patriotism. Subhash Chandra Bose believed that only military power could wipe out the British rule from India. Both Gandhiji and Nehru were against the militant politics of Netaji. But he was so popular which led him to the position of the President of Congress. After quitting from congress due to some political reasons, Bose asked the masses to change the face of the Civil Disobedience movement in to an armed struggle, exploiting the adversity of the British in the world war. He was jailed in 1927 due to his aggressive patriotism and was considered as the number one enemy. He commenced fast unto death on November 29, 1940 for his release from the prison. Later he escaped from jail and went overseas to meet Hitler, Romain Rolland, Ribbentrop and other members of the Nazi hierarchy and asked them for support against the British. He got the help of the Japanese C-in-C Terauchi in the struggle to liberate India. He formed Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) in 1941 and set up Provisional Government of Free India in exile. He gave a speech on July 9, 1943 which was attended by 60,000 people. His great words Give me blood, I will give you freedom is still remembered. So many people were inspired and many came to join the INA. He also had a definite plan for reconstruction of India after the independence. Bose and his men started war against the British with the support of the Japanese army. But World War II was on its peak and Japan had to call back its troops. The INA was defeated by the British and Bose escaped to Japan. On his way he disappeared and believed to have died in a plane crash and his whereabouts are still unknown.

Microanatomy Is Important In The Medical Field Education Essay

Histology or the survey of microanatomy is of great importance in the medical field. Accuracy of disease diagnosings or tracking the effectivity of a intervention regimen is dependent on the reading of a slide specimen under the lens of a microscope. It is a needed class for freshman medical and dental pupils in most wellness scientific discipline centres ( Ogilvie, 1995 ) . The traditional attack used in learning this subject is to present photomicrographic images of constructions to pupils in talk utilizing 35 mm slides of Fieldss seen through the microscope. It is good known that a topic that demands excess involvement and clip for both instruction and acquisition of histology ( Goubran and Vinjamury, 2007 ) . The pupils so spend many hours sing and analyzing specimens of tissues utilizing a light microscope in a research lab scene. In a typical research lab scene pupils are expected to analyze micrographs at low and higher power magnifications in order to place exact Fieldss in the tissue subdivision. However due to the ocular complexness of microscopic anatomy, this can be disputing for some pupils in footings of hold oning the context and relevancy of the topic. Students in traditional classs of histology spend an inordinate sum of clip larning the constituent constructions by trying to happen and place them in tissue subdivisions utilizing a microscope, where the construction being sought is surrounded by a battalion of other constructions with which they are besides non familiar. Furthermore, trouble in utilizing the equipment in the first case, even before the slide is viewed and when the right aperture and focal point is achieved, a complex histological image appears before their eyes ( Brisbourne et. Al, 2002 ) . The usage of the microscope has been the primary tool of histology instruction. The past decennary has brought the outgrowth of digital slide scanners. This has made possible promotions in both the professional and educational field ( May, 2010 ( a better lens on disease article ) . made available the digital microscope where slides With the recent handiness of videodisk stored image libraries of histological samples, it is now possible to analyze histological rules without the usage of the microscope as the primary learning tool. A videodisk entitled â€Å" Histology: A Photographic Atlas † by S. Downing ( published by Image Premastering Services Limited, Minneapolis, MN, 1991 ) has been incorporated into our histology class. Fifteen videodisc participant Stationss are provided for 150 pupils. Images are retrieved by pupils utilizing a saloon codification scanner attached to a videodisk participant ( Pioneer CLD-2400 ) . Using this sort of image library, pupils can now larn basic histological construction, such as cell and tissue types, without the usage of a microscope or as a tool for easing microscopy. The usage of a videodisc library of randomly accessible images simplifies larning the basic constituents which all variety meats are composed of by showing the scholar with distinct illustrations to avoid confusion with other constructions. However, videodisk participants and Television proctors are still non suitably priced for every pupil to have. This presents a job in that the same images studied in category are non available to analyze and reexamine outside of category. There is a demand for resources for extra survey outside of the institutional scene, for pupils to hold and interact with to reenforce the acquisition experience in the instruction research lab. A difficult transcript manual was created and is being used in our class ; it incorporates exposures captured from the videodisk. The images displayed in the manual are chosen to give the pupil one illustration of each histological constituent. Extra labeling is added to the images, and each image is accompanied by a saloon codification that may be used at a videodisk participant with a saloon codification reader to recover the same colour image from the phonograph record displayed in larger format on a Television proctor. Each subject in the manual is accompanied by larning aims and a statement of clinical relevancy. Following the presentation of the images in each subdivision of the manual, the pupils are encouraged to pattern by sing multiple illustrations of each structural constituent presented in the lesson. They can make this by utilizing the bar-coded catalog supplied with each phonograph record. The presentation of each subject concludes with a quiz composed of inquiries about images that the pupil can recover from the videodisk utilizing barcodes in the text of the manual. Some of the images on the quiz are printed in illumination in the manual to supply the pupil with an chance for personal reappraisal at place when hardware to obtain and expose images from a picture phonograph record is non available. This manual provides an reply to the quandary faced by the scholar when entree to hardware is non available ; support is hence facilitated outside the teaching research lab. This allows larning to go on outside of the schoolroom, utilizing the same stuffs. ( abstract truncated ) Building mental theoretical accounts With equal mental modeling, the ‘scaffolding ‘ that is required with which to construct new cognition. associating inactive two dimensional constructions to dynamic three dimensional maps. Histology instruction and acquisition is an active country of research, particularly with recent engineering promotions such as the outgrowth of slide scanners. Traditional slide readying Traditional pathology vs. digital pathology Since the attitude of pupils for holding merely microscopic slides for larning histology is uneffective and literature provinces this, this is obvious research that I would non hold to carry on myself. If you can mention the literature so it is all right to set up this in your background/introduction, yes.A specify the method of learning here at this university, and province that Im proving a multimedia synergistic tutorial to find the participants response and attitudes? ( hope this makes sense! ) Its that since Im non making aA comparing survey, I was acquiring somewhat confused as to how I can word my hypothesis. Yes.A I would mention some literature to endorse up the hypothesis that the add-on of synergistic ocular AIDSs better acquisition and so depict what you have made taking this into history. In response to this demand, legion surveies compare pupil ‘s rating of the utility of instruction and acquisition with and without the support of a computerised histology instruction assistance ( Farah and Maybury, 2009, Rosenberg et al 2006, Weaker and Herbert 2009 ) . Indications are that although the passage from traditional microscopic slides may non needfully better on pupils ‘ trial tonss, the enthusiasm in their attack to histology has been greatly improved. These findings suggest that possibly transference from two dimensional picture-like microscopic images and application of some signifier of interactivity holds ocular entreaty to the user. This evidently has an impact on their return on the topic, which indicates that traditional methods of being placed with a set of slides and a light microscope is non prosecuting adequate to be appealing to pupils. Further to this, different applications have been made to histology to invigorate up the two-dimensionality of the stained microscopic slide. The most basic attack but non rather effectual have been the efforts of many universities to do available their histological resources to pupils anytime and anyplace ( weaker and Herbert, 2009, Rosenberg et. Al 2006, Salajan and Mount, 2008 ) . The Dentistry section of University of Dundee has their ain aggregation made available via the Virtual Learning Environment ( VLE ) for pupils to entree and utilise as they like. As the ruin of many virtually available histology, the degree of interactivity is merely limited to the show of labelling of the cardinal constructions in a slide image. This lone aids the pupils to some point ; they can accomplish the ‘laboratory experience ‘ but at a location of their pick. More conventional methods of incorporating histology to a more learner-friendly format include the use of the current and most recent engineering that are soon available in this fast traveling technological industry. Three-dimensional modeling, practical world and sharp visual image of biological constructions in peculiar, is one major way where instruction has been steadily heading ( Trelease, 2002 ) . Brisbourne et Al. ( 2002 ) innovatively collaborated lifes into the instructions of histology, utilizing a web-based multimedia acquisition assistance called HistoQuest. Their lifes aim to incorporate the existent maps of the cells to a histological slide and assistance pupils in understanding the major constructs and physiological maps, non merely to recognize and label a construction. Mental modeling is the theory and aim behind their work. Mental modeling is described as the procedure of incorporating a cognition platform on which the pupils can so construct up on. This is the underlying thought of this research proposal ; can seting the scenario of which the tissues were cultured from, i.e. for illustration a glomeruli of a uriniferous tubule from the kidney, enable the pupil to later execute better academically? The Inner life of the cell life by Bio Visions from Harvard University is a alone illustration of life created with a ‘digital visual aspect ‘ of the cells where the microscopic universe is rendered into three dimensions. Sandberg ( 2002 ) created a series of computing machine aided synergistic histology over a figure of old ages and through the experience commented on the fact that long distance acquisition, immediate feedback and holding a merriment interface was greatly appreciated by pupils. Having been able to run into pupils and lectors involved in learning and larning histology at this university, their sentiment on the proposal at manus was priceless. There decidedly seems to be a niche for an improved histological instruction assistance, surely at this university. as image acknowledgment expertness is an art that can merely be developed through clip, preparation and experience. Recent promotions in engineering has facilitated instruction and acquisition of histology. There has been legion histology Atlass and etc, by far the effectivity of a tutorial that incorporates 3D histology slides and Reconstruction of 2D slides into 3D tissue theoretical accounts alongside 3D variety meats has non been addressed. Research is missing in this peculiar country. Students require aid in placing Merely by looking at a slide you can merely recognize the forms, which is 2D but retracing 2d images from slides into rotatable 3d images will assist construct the pupils to understand the microscopic specimen. The transference of the survey stuff will be facilitated by the 3D theoretical accounts as visualizing aid the pupils understand the topic easier Students frequently express troubles larning with the traditional microscope and slide set. histology is a capable country that has been germinating. Histology instruction is an active country of research that has been spread outing due promotions of engineerings. Health scientific discipline topics that require ocular acquisition can be supplemented to with ocular idea procedure required. This research survey is concerned with planing a multimedia interactive ( MMI ) Purposes and aims: This survey will be designed to analyze whether the degree of interactivity and presence of visually appealing 3D cellular modeling can better apprehension and memory keeping of histology. The e-learning tutorial will be based around an introductory histology practical on colon malignant neoplastic disease that first twelvemonth medical pupils undertake. Before the practical category, they will hold minimum or no experience of histology and after the few hours spent in practical, do non revisit histology once more until later old ages in the class. the tutorial that contains 3D cellular theoretical accounts alongside the histology slides and will be necessitate them to be more synergistic e.g. prompted to snap more links on the page to voyage through the tutorial, options provided to travel the 3D cellular theoretical accounts around 360 grades etc. Both groups will be asked to finish a brief pre-tutorial questionnaire ( see terminal of papers for an illustration ) to find whether they have any old experience with utilizing microscopes and histology. At the terminal of the e-tutorial, the survey groups will be quizzed on what they experienced on the tutorial to prove the effectivity of the tutorial in helping memory keeping ( see terminal of this papers for sample questionnaire ) .

English and English Literature Coursework Dubliners Essay

â€Å"These stories are all about escape and how characters are unable to escape.† In the light of this quotation, I am going to discuss Dubliners, with close detailed reference to two of the stories, â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Boarding House.† There are many similarities between these two stories, as well as contrasts. In â€Å"Eveline,† her father is a drunkard and is also the head of the house, whereas in â€Å"The Boarding House,† Polly’s father, â€Å"was a shabby stooped little drunkard† who lives separated from his family. Polly’s father has been cut-off from her life, and Eveline’s mother is dead. The similarity here, is that each child has had one of their parent’s cut off from a period of their life. Eveline wants to escape to Buenos Aires, to get away from her poverty in Dublin. Mr Doran wants to escape from the prospect of marriage. This brings us to one of the main points of the book, the characters inability to escape. Eveline has been given the chance to escape from her life, where â€Å"she had to work hard both in the house and at business.† Poor Eveline, however, finds that she is unable to move forward. She lacks the courage and strength to make that leap that will free her of her oppressive situation. . She’s sees her lover as a possible source of danger: â€Å"All the seas of the world tumbled about her heart. He was drawing her into them: he would drown her.† Instead of an uncertain but hopeful future, her paralysis will make a certain and dismal future that may well repeat her mother’s sad life story. In Mr Doran’s case, the theme of powerlessness is conveyed his situation. As with many other characters in Dubliners, various social pressures, like his job and his reputation, combine to rob him of choice. Mrs Mooney wants her daughter to escape her current poverty and the possibility of a working life for marriage, while Mr Doran wants to escape the tying down of marriage and enjoy his ‘free’ life. Mr Doran nonetheless cannot escape. At the end of â€Å"The Boarding House†, â€Å"Mrs Mooney tells Polly, â€Å"Come down, dear. Mr Doran wants to speak to you.† The reader is struck by the tremendous irony of the situation, since it is clear that Mr Doran does not really want to speak to Polly. He has been bullied and terrified into proposing marriage to her. These simple words are the hallmark of Mrs Mooney’s accomplishment. Frank wants to take Eveline away, but Eveline is unsure. â€Å"It was hard work-a hard life-but now that she was about to leave it she did not find to a wholly undesirable life.† Polly wants to settle with Mr Doran, but Mr Doran is unsure, however he does not have a choice: â€Å"What could he do now but marry her or run away? He could not brazen it out.† Mr Doran has the choice to run away, but this is not an option for â€Å"Dublin is such a small city: everyone knows everyone else’s business.† Both Frank and Mr Doran can be seen as saving the two girls from poverty. Mr Doran and Eveline are both described as helpless. Mr Doran himself says, â€Å"I felt helpless,† while Eveline is described as â€Å"passive like a helpless animal.† At the end of each story, an iron railing is mentioned. Eveline â€Å"gripped with both hands at the iron railings,† using them as an anchor, preventing her from drowning into the seas of the world. The railings help Eveline think of thoughts which keep her from leaving. Polly uses the iron railings as an anchor to clear her thoughts. â€Å"There was no longer any perturbation visible on her face.† Both Mr Doran and Eveline feel that it is their duty to stay and face the consequences. Mr Doran â€Å"longed to ascend through the roof and fly away†¦ yet a force pushed him downstairs step by step.† Eveline finds that she is paralysed by the needs of her father and her promise to her mother â€Å"to keep the home together as long as she could.† â€Å"Eveline† starts a series of stories dealing with various kinds of marriage and courtship. In â€Å"Eveline,† marriage presents the possibility of escape. â€Å"The Boarding House† gives us marriage as a social convention and a trap. â€Å"Two Gallants† reduces marriage and courtship to its animal. â€Å"Two Gallants† gave us men taking advantage of a young woman. â€Å"The Boarding House† gives us a more respectable social setting, but the basic cynicism about love and relationships between the genders remains. The economic conditions are also expressed in â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Boarding House†. To save money in â€Å"The Boarding House,† pieces of broken bread are collected to help make Tuesday’s bread-pudding. The sugar and butter is kept safe under lock and key.† In â€Å"Eveline,† there is an â€Å"invariable squabble for money on Saturday nights.† Eveline’s dead mum controls her while Mr Doran is controlled by Mrs Mooney. Mrs Mooney and Eveline’s mum are both very different people in the sense that Mrs Mooney is strong and independent and Eveline’s mum is weak and dependent. Eveline’s love for Frank leads her to escape whereas Mr Doran’s love for Polly leads him to confine his life with marriage. Eveline is forced into making her decision to stay by duty to her family. Mr Doran has put himself into his situation and it driven further by Mrs Mooney. Both Eveline and Mr Doran have occupational restrictions. Mr Doran â€Å"had been employed for thirteen years in a great Catholic wine-merchant’s office and publicity would mean the loss of his sit.† All his hard work would be gone for nothing. Eveline, however, is oppressed by her employer and â€Å"would not cry many tears at leaving the Stores.† One of the striking elements of â€Å"The Boarding House† is Mrs Mooney’s silence. Her daughter’s respect is not really a concern, because she knows about the affair from the start. What matters to her is trading on her feigned outrage to get a social arrangement that will benefit her daughter. Mrs Mooney manipulates the weaker Mr Doran, using his concern for his job and his fear of scandal. The story concludes with the fact that Mr Doran has spoken to Mrs Mooney and now wants to speak to Polly. This probably suggests a proposal of marriage, and the trap is implied in the final line: â€Å"Then she remembered what she had been waiting for.† Marriage is the price which Doran must pay in order to keep his job, since â€Å"Dublin is such a small city: everyone knows everyone else’s business† The stages-of-life structure continues in â€Å"Eveline†. In previous stories like â€Å"The Sisters† and â€Å"Araby†, children had been main characters. Eveline is an adult, a young woman old enough to get married. Joyce gives us the terrible poverty and pressure of her situation. The weight of poverty and family responsibilities bear down on this young woman heavily and her financial situation is far worse than that of the three boy narrators of the previous stories. She is trapped in an ugly situation, responsible for her siblings and the aging father who abuses her. In conclusion, it can be said that Joyce presents the themes of escape and paralysis in Dubliners. They show how Joyce sees the city of Dublin.

Free Essays on Sudden Infant Death

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS is the most common death in the postneonatal period. This means that infants between the ages of one month to one year’s old are diagnosed with SIDS. SIDS is a syndrome that stands for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and is defined as a sudden death of an infant that is unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including an autopsy, examination of the scene of death, and a review of the clinical history. The cause or causes of SIDS vary. The triple risk model proposed by Filiano and Kinney suggest that SIDS represents an intersection of factors. These factors include vulnerable infant possessing intrinsic abnormalities in cardiorespiratory control, a critical period of development of homeostatic control mechanisms, and exogenous stressors. Another part of the triple risk model is that when vulnerable infants are subjected to stressors at times when normal defense mechanisms are structurally, functionally, and developmentally deficient. (emedicine.com/ped/topic.htm} Studies have shown that in a number of cases dealing with SIDS evidence of delayed development of the brain stem has been demonstrated as well reductions in the degree of myelination in specific brain regions. Some infants with SIDS have been noted to have fewer acetylcholine-binding receptors in the arcuate nucleus. This nerve cell is critical to the integration of cardiorespiratory and arousal responses. (emedicine.com/ped/topic.htm} There are a numerous amount of symptoms for infants including blood-tinged discharge from the nose or mouth, signs of livor mortis and rigor mortis. Accidental head entrapment, source of heating carbon monoxide, minor inflammatory changes within the tracheobronchial tree, or signs of passive congestion of the organs may all be contributors to the symptoms of SIDS. SIDS has demonstrated a higher rate among African-American infants than white infants. These racial... Free Essays on Sudden Infant Death Free Essays on Sudden Infant Death Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS is the most common death in the postneonatal period. This means that infants between the ages of one month to one year’s old are diagnosed with SIDS. SIDS is a syndrome that stands for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and is defined as a sudden death of an infant that is unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including an autopsy, examination of the scene of death, and a review of the clinical history. The cause or causes of SIDS vary. The triple risk model proposed by Filiano and Kinney suggest that SIDS represents an intersection of factors. These factors include vulnerable infant possessing intrinsic abnormalities in cardiorespiratory control, a critical period of development of homeostatic control mechanisms, and exogenous stressors. Another part of the triple risk model is that when vulnerable infants are subjected to stressors at times when normal defense mechanisms are structurally, functionally, and developmentally deficient. (emedicine.com/ped/topic.htm} Studies have shown that in a number of cases dealing with SIDS evidence of delayed development of the brain stem has been demonstrated as well reductions in the degree of myelination in specific brain regions. Some infants with SIDS have been noted to have fewer acetylcholine-binding receptors in the arcuate nucleus. This nerve cell is critical to the integration of cardiorespiratory and arousal responses. (emedicine.com/ped/topic.htm} There are a numerous amount of symptoms for infants including blood-tinged discharge from the nose or mouth, signs of livor mortis and rigor mortis. Accidental head entrapment, source of heating carbon monoxide, minor inflammatory changes within the tracheobronchial tree, or signs of passive congestion of the organs may all be contributors to the symptoms of SIDS. SIDS has demonstrated a higher rate among African-American infants than white infants. These racial...

Pride and proofreading - Emphasis

Pride and proofreading Pride and proofreading It is a truth universally acknowledged that any article on the subject of proofreading is bound to contain its own share of errors. However, we face this potential irony head on, as its a practice worth pushing. And while taking pride in your work is a wonderful thing, it goes further even than that: its a matter of credibility. Take heed of poor Jim Knight, the Minister of State for Schools and Learners no less, whose political blog was revealed in February to be full of typos and other mistakes. After forgetting such schoolroom staple rules as i before e except after c, Mr Knight has announced he must do better and always check [his] work. Shouldnt we all? The trouble is that a speedy skim just before you press send isnt going to cut it. This according to the most popular theory among cognitive psychologists at the moment is because of something called parallel letter recognition. This is the idea that, when reading, we process the individual letters of a word simultaneously in order to recognise the word. This certainly begins to make sense of the odd phenomenon whereby, if the first and last letters of a word are in the right place, the middle can be a complete shambles and chances are youll still be able to understand it. Ltlite wnoedr taht tpyos are otefn msiesd, wulndot you arege? In normal reading we dont actually scan every word: our eyes move in little jumps (or saccades), fixating on key words. But short or commonly occurring words are often skipped. While the eyes focus for milliseconds at one point on the page, our peripheral vision gathers information about upcoming words. We interpret based on what we see, but also crucially on what we expect to see. Familiarity with the context leaves us much more likely to make assumptions about what is written, and the chances of us being familiar with the context of our own documents are pretty high (one would hope). And, of course, spell-checkers are very unreliable aids indeed for a language rather fond of its heterographic homophones (words which sound the same but are spelled differently). For example, ewe/you, to/too/two and there/their/theyre; not to mention such similar formations as tough/trough/though/thought. One contributor to the Big Breakfasts forum once fell victim to this very problem. Vehemently defending a young female presenter from accusations of vacuousness, he vowed to always stick up for her: though thick and thin. Freudian slips notwithstanding, we all want to write what we mean and mean what we write. And, of course, to be able to stand by our work with pride. For even more science on the subject, click here.

Midea Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Midea Electronics - Essay Example Midea attained RMB8 billion revenue for fiscal year 1999 and has set a sales objective of RMB38.6 billion by year 2005. Although Midea has a leading position in air conditioner exports from China and shown a continuous growth in domestic and international market yet with globalization and rapidly changing business scenario, Midea is facing a number of challenges both in domestic and international market. As for major appliances manufacturers are concerned, Asia, and in particular China seems to be with the most potential growth market and hence they are aggressively investing in Chinese domestic market. Almost all major appliances manufacturers are present in the Chinese market either by setting their manufacturing facilities or by establishing the off shore base centers. Compared to these major players, Midea lacks its presence in international market with its brand name and it has to solely rely on its importers brand name. It does not have a well defined global marketing strategy and a more geographical diversified presence with better marketing skills and dedicated international sales and distribution networks. Also major international players like LG (with 74% revenue from international market), Samsung Electronic (66%), Mitsubishi (51% by 2001), Fedders (50%), Carrier (48%) and Sharp and Whirlpool (each with 46%) have immense financial resources with latest technology and state-of-the-art innovation research centers while Midea only generates 10% of its revenue from international market and has limited financial resources, with traditional technology. ... Also major international players like LG (with 74% revenue from international market), Samsung Electronic (66%), Mitsubishi (51% by 2001), Fedders (50%), Carrier (48%) and Sharp and Whirlpool (each with 46%) have immense financial resources with latest technology and state-of-the-art innovation research centers while Midea only generates 10% of its revenue from international market and has limited financial resources, with traditional technology. Moreover the scenario will become more intensive and competitive with the China's imminent entry into World Trade organization (WTO). These are really major concerns to Midea's management team. As in changing global business scenario, any competition can not be viewed as solely domestic and every organization have to defend its position and have to play a double edge knife role to compete both at domestic and global level. For long term business viewpoint Midea too has to play the same role. Being a major domestic player it has to defend its position in Chinese market and also has to show its presence in the international arena. To achieve this Midea has to review its international business strategy and to go for both branding and private label options. In coming sections we will analyze the Midea's strengths and weaknesses relative to domestic and international competitors. Also an assessment of relative attractiveness of domestic and international markets for air conditioners is presented. Finally an international business strategy is recommended to enter and capture market share. Media Group: An Overview Midea was established in April 1968, in Shunde, Guangdong, the southern Chinese province bordering Hong

Food label Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food label - Essay Example Although the sugar content may be highest in any food item, still it is distributed in different ingredients, which does not reveal the maximum quantity of total sugar present in the food item. For example, the label of a food item could detail combination of ingredients like Sucrose, Corn-syrup, Corn-syrup solids, fructose, brown sugar and dextrose, listed separately on the label. While individually these ingredients would not get a place in the top five of the listed items, the fact remains that sugar would be on the top of the list if revealed as the combined quantity. This is one of the ways to misinform the consumers about an ingredient which most of us would like to avoid in our daily intake of food, particularly the people with diabetic and sugar related history.. Similarly, junk food manufacturers would list a few ingredients, which have any relation to health and nutrition, while the proportion of the same may be even less than one percent. (Adams, 2007) A particular item, for example the strawberry yogurt, may have â€Å"insect-based red food coloring†; yet the label will describe the coloring agent as â€Å"carmine†. Similarly, to hide the real names, manufacturers may list in the label, â€Å"Yeast Extracts†, which is actually Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) that enhances taste of the food. Likewise, sodium Nitrate is a dangerous chemical, which can cause cancer and brain tumors. Therefore consumers need going into the depth of the items listed in the food labels.(Adams, 2007) Under this act, the food manufacturers are required to use common names for popular food allergens, like fish, wheat, soy, shellfish, milk, eggs and peanuts. Although this is a step in the direction of helping the consumer for identifying the ingredients in these items that may cause worry, particularly for people with history of high blood pressure, heart problems and hypertension,

The current situations that's facing Russia Research Paper

The current situations that's facing Russia - Research Paper Example As the nature of topic involves the description of current scenario of the Russian federation, so the overview will be provided discussing all the social, political and environmental factors. The Russian Federation is divided into 46 provinces, 4 autonomous okrugs, 21 republics, 9 krays, 2 federal cities, and 1 autonomous oblast. Since 7th May 2012, President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN serves as the head of the state, while the government is administered by Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev. The recent political developments in the country include its relations with the United States. The U.S. Congress has already ascertained to ordain new penalties to be imposed on Russian businesses and officials as a quid-pro-quo for annulling a Cold War-era prohibition on conventional trading associations with Moscow. Few of the people in the Obama administration have proposed the discouraging alternative of developing a â€Å"democracy fund† to channelize U.S. money to the pressure groups that pose a threat to the Russian administration. Russia has been labeled by Mitt Romney as a geopolitical foe, so he has offered to disassemble the reset upon being elected. It raises a concern that regardless who wins in the U.S elections, the Russian-U.S. relations are leading towards a more challenging posture (Rojansky & Gvosdev). Mrs. Clinton while attending the yearly Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit meeting in Vladivostokhere, on behalf of President Obama welcomed Russian access to the World Trade Organization in August. Moreover it was recommended that the American government should now normalize its trade relations so that the U.S owned businesses can harvest the benefits received from the Russia’s membership that include lower tariffs for United States products. The attempt to concede Russia conventional trade status, still, has turned embroiled in legislation that would penalize Russian officials charged of perverting human rights, refusing them visas and suspending their assets. That has aroused doubts that any arrangement on annulling the Jackson-Vanik provisions can be accomplished before the United States presidential elections (Myers, and Herszenhorn). Russia has recently demanded the U.S to cease its support to groups favoring the institution of democracy within the country (Hersze nhorn and Barry). Russia has experienced significant alters since the break down of the Soviet Union, proceeding from a centrally planned, globally-isolated economy to a more global and market-based economy. Russian industry is principally fragmented between worldwide competitive commodity producers. In 2011, it became leading oil producer of the world, passing by Saudi Arabia. It is the world second largest natural gas producer and bears the world's largest reserves of natural gas, the second-largest of coal, and the eighth-largest reserves of crude oil. It is the 3rd largest exporter of primary aluminum and steel. The Russian economy is also facing various challenges. As reported by the World Bank, Russia is reverberating from the worldwide recession more tardily than other developing nations in spite of high oil prices. Various factors that are contributing to the weakening of the Russian

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity Essay He was not joining some far-flung military effort of his country of birth: The 25-yearold from Brooklyn was joining the U. S. Marine Corps. A legal permanent resident, Alexandr can join the U. S. military even though he is not a citizen. His decision is not that unusual. Thousands of immigrants join each year; indeed, recently in cities such as New York, Miami, and Los Angeles immigrant enlistees have been joining in higher proportions than their peers in the general population. Some do it for the training or employment possibilities, but others are motivated by allegiance to their new country. As Alexandr said, â€Å"It doesn’t matter that America is not my country; New York is my city, and what happened shook my life. I feel patriotic, and I have this itch now to go sooner† (Chen and Sengupta 2001:A1). So the United States, with its diverse racial and ethnic heritage and new immigrants, is a country that respects its multiculturalism. Or does it? In July 2004, Jefferson County in Texas tried to bring to a close a century of debate. Over the objections of many residents, the County Board decided to rename a stretch of road known as â€Å"Jap Road. † Named for the Japanese rice farmers who had settled there in the 19TH century, the name had stuck despite generations of objections by Asian Americans and others. Finally change came (T. Marshall 2004). Lewiston, Maine, is also adjusting. In this old New England town, hundreds of Somalis have arrived seeking work and affordable housing thousands of miles from their African hometowns, which were torn apart by civil strife and famine. Residents expressed alarm over this influx, prompting the mayor to send a letter to all the Somalis already in Lewiston to discourage friends and relatives from relocating there. The pace of Somalis resettling to the Lewistown, many of them American citizens, slowed significantly amidst the furor (C. Jones 2003). Relations between racial and ethnic groups are not like relations between family members. The history of the United States is one of racial oppression. It goes well beyond a mayor in Maine or people living on a road in Texas not liking people of a certain color or national origin. Episodes of a new social identity developing, as in the case of Alexandr Manin, are not unusual, but that does not mean that the society is not structured to keep some groups of people down and extend privileges automatically to other groups based on race, ethnicity, or gender. People in the United States and elsewhere are beginning to consider that the same principles that guarantee equality based on race or gender can apply to other groups who are discriminated against. There have been growing efforts to ensure that the same rights and privileges are available to all people, regardless of age, disability, or sexual orientation. These concerns are emerging even as the old divisions over race, ethnicity, and religion continue to fester and occasionally explode into violence that envelops entire nations. The United States is a very diverse nation, as shown in Table 1. 1. According to the 2000 census, about 17 percent of the population are members of racial minorities, and about another 13 percent are Hispanic. These percentages represent almost one of three people in the United States, without counting White ethnic groups. As shown in Figure 1. 1, between 2000 and 2100 the population in the United States is expected to rise from 30 percent Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American to 60 percent. ISBN: 0-536-12071-4 4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 5 TABLE 1. 1 Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2000 Classification RACIAL GROUPS Whites (includes 16.9 million White Hispanic). Blacks/African Americans Native Americans, Alaskan Native Asian Americans Chinese Filipinos Asian Indians Vietnamese Koreans Japanese Other ETHNIC GROUPS White ancestry (single or mixed) Germans Irish English Italians Poles French Jews Hispanics (or Latinos) Mexican Americans Central and South Americans Puerto Ricans Cubans Other TOTAL (ALL GROUPS) Number in Thousands 211,461 34,658 2,476 10,243 2,433 1,850 1,679 1,123 1,077 797 1,285 Percentage of Total Population 75. 1 12. 3 0. 9 3. 6 0. 9 0. 7 0. 6 0. 4 0. 4 0. 2 0. 5 42,842 30,525 24,509 15,638 8,977 8,310 5,200 35,306 23,337 5,119 3,178 1,412 2,260 281,422. 15. 2 10. 8 8. 7 5. 6 3. 2 3. 0 1. 8 12. 5 8. 3 1. 8 1. 1 0. 5 0. 8 Note: Percentages do not total 100 percent, and subheads do not add up to figures in major heads because of overlap between groups (e. g. , Polish American Jews or people of mixed ancestry, such as Irish and Italian). Source: Brittingham and de la Cruz 2004; Bureau of the Census 2003a; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Therrien and Ramirez 2001; United Jewish Communities 2001. Although the composition of the population is changing, the problems of prejudice, discrimination, and mistrust remain. What Is a Subordinate Group? Identifying a subordinate group or a minority in a society seems to be a simple enough task. In the United States, the groups readily identified as minorities— Blacks and Native Americans, for example—are outnumbered by non-Blacks and non-Native Americans. However, minority status is not necessarily the result of being outnumbered. A social minority need not be a mathematical one. A minority group is a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group. In sociology, minority means the same as subordinate, and dominant is used interchangeably with majority. minority group A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group. ISBN: 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 2000 African Americans 12% Hispanic 13% White non-Hispanic 70% American Indian 1% 2100 (projected) Asian and other 4% White non-Hispanic 40%. Hispanic 33% African Asian Americans and other 13% 14% FIGURE 1. 1 Population of the United States by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 and 2100 (Projected) According to projections by the Census Bureau, the proportion of residents of the United States who are White and non-Hispanic will decrease significantly by the year 2050. By contrast, there will be a striking rise in the proportion of both Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. Source: Bureau of the Census 2004b. Confronted with evidence that a particular minority in the United States is subordinate to the majority, some people respond, â€Å"Why not? After all, this is a democracy, so the majority rules. † However, the subordination of a minority involves more than its inability to rule over society. A member of a subordinate or minority group experiences a narrowing of life’s opportunities—for success, education, wealth, the pursuit of happiness—that goes beyond any personal shortcoming he or she may have. A minority group does not share in proportion to its numbers what a given society, such as the United States, defines as valuable. Being superior in numbers does not guarantee a group control over its destiny and ensure majority status. In 1920, the majority of people in Mississippi and South Carolina were African Americans. Yet African Americans did not have as much control over their lives as Whites, let alone control of the states of Mississippi and South Carolina. Throughout the United States today are counties or neighborhoods in which the majority of people are African American, Native American, or Hispanic, but White Americans are the dominant force. Nationally, 50. 8 percent of the population is female, but males still dominate positions of authority and wealth well beyond their numbers. A minority or subordinate group has five characteristics: unequal treatment, distinguishing physical or cultural traits, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and in-group marriage (Wagley and Harris 1958): 1. Members of a minority experience unequal treatment and have less power over their lives than members of a dominant group have over theirs. Prejudice, discrimination, segregation, and even extermination create this social inequality. 2. Members of a minority group share physical or cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant group, such as skin color or language. Each society has its own arbitrary standard for determining which characteristics are most important in defining dominant and minority groups. 3. Membership in a dominant or minority group is not voluntary: People are born into the group. A person does not choose to be African American or White. 4. Minority-group members have a strong sense of group solidarity. William Graham Sumner, writing in 1906, noted that people make distinctions between members ISBN: 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1. Understanding Race and Ethnicity 7 of their own group (the in-group) and everyone else (the out-group). When a group is the object of long-term prejudice and discrimination, the feeling of â€Å"us versus them† often becomes intense. 5. Members of a minority generally marry others from the same group. A member of a dominant group often is unwilling to join a supposedly inferior minority by marrying one of its members. In addition, the minority group’s sense of solidarity encourages marriage within the group and discourages marriage to outsiders. racial group A group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. ethnic group A group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Types of Subordinate Groups There are four types of minority or subordinate groups. All four, except where noted, have the five properties previously outlined. The four criteria for classifying minority groups are race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. Racial Groups The term racial group is reserved for minorities and the corresponding majorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. Notice the two crucial words in the definition: obvious and physical. What is obvious? Hair color? Shape of an earlobe? Presence of body hair? To whom are these differences obvious, and why? Each society defines what it finds obvious. In the United States, skin color is one obvious difference. On a cold winter day when one has clothing covering all but one’s head, however, skin color may be less obvious than hair color. Yet people in the United States have learned informally that skin color is important, and hair color is unimportant. We need to say more than that. In the United States, people have traditionally classified and classify themselves as either Black or White. There is no in-between state except for people readily identified as Native Americans or Asian Americans. Later in this chapter we will explore this issue more deeply and see how such assumptions have very complex implications. Other societies use skin color as a standard but may have a more elaborate system of classification. In Brazil, where hostility between races is less than in the United States, numerous categories identify people on the basis of skin color. In the United States, a person is Black or White. In Brazil, a variety of terms, such as cafuso, mazombo, preto, and escuro, are applied to describe various combinations of skin color, facial features, and hair texture. What makes differences obvious is subject to a society’s definition. The designation of a racial group emphasizes physical differences as opposed to cultural distinctions. In the United States, minority races include Blacks, Native Americans (or American Indians), Japanese Americans, Chinese Americans, Arab Americans, Filipinos, Hawaiians, and other Asian peoples. The issue of race and racial differences has been an important one, not only in the United States but throughout the entire sphere of European influence. Later in this chapter we will examine race and its significance more closely. We should not forget that Whites are a race, too. As we will consider in Chapter 5, who is White has been subject to change over time as certain European groups were felt historically not to deserve being considered White, but over time, partly to compete against a growing Black population, the whiting of some European Americans has occurred. Ethnic Groups ISBN: 0-536-12071-4 Ethnic minority groups are differentiated from the dominant group on the basis of cultural differences, such as language, attitudes toward marriage and parenting, and food habits. Ethnic groups are groups set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity Ethnic groups in the United States include a grouping that we call Hispanics or Latinos, which includes Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Latin Americans in the United States. Hispanics can be either Black or White, as in the case of a dark-skinned Puerto Rican who may be taken as Black in central Texas but be viewed as a Puerto Rican in New York City. The ethnic group category also includes White ethnics, such as Irish Americans, Polish Americans, and Norwegian Americans. The cultural traits that make groups distinctive usually originate from their homeland or, for Jews, from a long history of being segregated and prohibited from becoming a part of the host society. Once in the United States, an immigrant group may maintain distinctive cultural practices through associations, clubs, and worship. Ethnic enclaves such as a Little Haiti or a Greektown in urban areas also perpetuate cultural distinctiveness. Some racial groups may also have unique cultural traditions, as we can readily see in the many Chinatowns throughout the United States. For racial groups, however, the physical distinctiveness and not the cultural differences generally prove to be the barrier to acceptance by the host society. For example, Chinese Americans who are faithful Protestants and know the names of all the members of the Baseball Hall of Fame may be bearers of American culture. Yet these Chinese Americans are still part of a minority because they are seen as physically different. Ethnicity continues to be important, as recent events in Bosnia and other parts of Eastern Europe have demonstrated. Almost a century ago, African American sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois, addressing an audience in London, called attention to the overwhelming importance of the color line throughout the world. In â€Å"Listen to Our Voices,† we read the remarks of Du Bois, the first Black person to receive a doctorate from Harvard, who later helped to organize the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Du Bois’s observances give us a historic perspective on the struggle for equality. We can look ahead, knowing how far we have come and speculating on how much further we have to go. Religious Groups Association with a religion other than the dominant faith is the third basis for minoritygroup status. In the United States, Protestants, as a group, outnumber members of all other religions. Roman Catholics form the largest minority religion. Chapter 5 focuses on the increasing Judeo-Christian-Islamic diversity of the United States. For people who are not a part of the Christian tradition, such as followers of Islam, allegiance to the faith often is misunderstood and stigmatizes people. This stigmatization became especially widespread and legitimated by government action in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. Religious minorities include such groups as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons), Jehovah’s Witnesses, Amish, Muslims, and Buddhists. Cults or sects associated with such practices as animal sacrifice, doomsday prophecy, demon worship, or the use of snakes in a ritualistic fashion would also constitute minorities. Jews are excluded from this category and placed among ethnic groups. Culture is a more important defining trait for Jewish people worldwide than is religious dogma. Jewish Americans share a cultural tradition that goes beyond theology. In this sense, it is appropriate to view them as an ethnic group rather than as members of a religious faith. Gender Groups Gender is another attribute that creates dominant and subordinate groups. Males are the social majority; females, although more numerous, are relegated to the position of the social minority—a subordinate status to be explored in detail in Chapter 15. Women are considered a minority even though they do not exhibit all the characteristics outlined earlier (e. g. , there is little in-group marriage). Women encounter prejuISBN: 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 9 ur oices Voices Listen to Our Voices Listen to. PROBLEM OF THE COLOR LINE sively refused to let the spirit of n the metropolis of the class, of caste, of privilege, or of modern world, in this the birth, debar from life, liberty closing year of the nineand the pursuit of happiness a teenth century, there has been striving human soul. assembled a congress of men Let not color or race be a and women of African blood, to feature of distinction between deliberate solemnly upon the white and black men, regardless present situation and outlook of of worth or ability. . . . the darker races of mankind. Thus we appeal with boldness The problem of the twentieth W. E. B. Du Bois and confidence to the Great century is the problem of the Powers of the civilized world, trusting in the color line, the question as to how far differwide spirit of humanity, and the deep sense ences of race—which show themselves chiefly of justice of our age, for a generous recogniin the color of the skin and the texture of the tion of the righteousness of our cause.  ¦ hair—will hereafter be made the basis of denying to over half the world the right of sharing to their utmost ability the opportunities and privileges of modern civilization. . . . Let the world take no backward step in Source: Du Bois [1969a]. From pp. 20–21, 23, in An ABC of Color, that slow but sure progress which has succesby W. E. B. Du Bois. Copyright 1969 by International Publishers. I dice and discrimination and are physically distinguishable. Group membership is involuntary, and many women have developed a sense of sisterhood. Women who are members of racial and ethnic minorities face a special challenge to achieving equality. They suffer from double jeopardy because they belong to two separate minority groups: a racial or ethnic group plus a subordinate gender group. Other Subordinate Groups This book focuses on groups that meet a set of criteria for subordinate status. People encounter prejudice or are excluded from full participation in society for many reasons. Racial, ethnic, religious, and gender barriers are the main ones, but there are others. Age, disabilities, and sexual orientation are among the factors that are used to subordinate groups of people. As a result, in Chapter 17 we will go beyond the title of the book and consider other groups of people who have been excluded from all that society offers and witness their fight against prejudice and discrimination. Does Race Matter? ISBN: 0-536-12071-4 We see people around us—some of whom may look quite different from us. Do these differences matter? The simple answer is no, but because so many people have for so long acted as if difference in physical characteristics as well geographic origin and shared culture do matter, distinct groups have been created in people’s minds. Race Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Chapter 1. Understanding Race and Ethnicity NOT AVAILABLE FOR ELECTRONIC VIEWING has many meanings for many people. Often these meanings are inaccurate and based on theories discarded by scientists generations ago. As we will see, race is a socially constructed concept (J. Young 2003). Biological Meaning The way the term race has been used by some people to apply to human beings lacks any scientific meaning. We cannot identify distinctive physical characteristics for groups of human beings the way scientists do to distinguish one animal species from another. The idea of biological race is based on the mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group. Even among past proponents that sharp, scientific divisions exist among humans, there were endless debates over what the races of the world were. Given people’s frequent migration, exploration, and invasions, pure genetic types have not existed for some time, if they ever did. There are no mutually exclusive races. Skin color among African Americans varies tremendously, as it does among White Americans. There is even an overlapping of dark-skinned Whites and light-skinned African Americans. If we grouped people by genetic resistance to malaria and by fingerprint patterns, Norwegians and many African groups would be of the same race. If we grouped people by some digestive capacities, some Africans, Asians, and southern Europeans would be of one group and West Africans and northern Europeans of another (Leehotz 1995; Shanklin 1994). Biologically there are no pure, distinct races. For example, blood type cannot distinguish racial groups with any accuracy. Furthermore, applying pure racial types to humans is problematic because of interbreeding. Despite continuing prejudice about Black-White marriages, a large number of Whites have African American ancestry. Scientists, using various techniques, maintain that the proportion of African Americans with White ancestry is between 20 and 75 percent. Despite the wide range of these estimates, the mixed ancestry of today’s Blacks and Whites is part of the biological reality of race (Herskovits 1930:15; Roberts 1955). biological race The mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group. ISBN: 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 11 Even the latest research as a part of the Human Genome Project mapping human DNA has only served to confirm genetic diversity with differences within traditionally regarded racial groups (e. g. , Black Africans) much greater than that between groups (e. g. , between Black Africans and Europeans). Research has also been conducted to determine whether personality characteristics such as temperament and nervous habits are inherited among minority groups. Not surprisingly, the question of whether races have different innate levels of intelligence has led to the most explosive controversy (Bamshad and Olson 2003). Typically, intelligence is measured as an intelligence quotient (IQ), the ratio of a person’s mental age to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100, where 100 represents average intelligence and higher scores represent greater intelligence. It should be noted that there is little consensus over just what intelligence is, other than as defined by such IQ tests. Intelligence tests are adjusted for a person’s age, so that 10-year-olds take a very different test from someone aged 20. Although research shows that certain learning strategies can improve a person’s IQ, generally IQ remains stable as one ages. A great deal of debate continues over the accuracy of these tests. Are they biased toward people who come to the tests with knowledge similar to that of the test writers? Consider the following two questions used on standard tests. 1. Runner: marathon (A) envoy: embassy, (B) oarsman: regatta, (C) martyr: massacre, (D) referee: tournament. 2. Your mother sends you to a store to get a loaf of bread. The store is closed. What should you do? (A) return home, (B) go to the next store, (C) wait until it opens, (D) ask a stranger for advice. Both correct answers are B. But is a lower-class youth likely to know, in the first question, what a regatta is? Skeptics argue that such test questions do not truly measure intellectual potential. Inner-city youths often have been shown to respond with A to the second question because that may be the only store with which the family has credit. Youths in rural areas, where the next store may be miles away, are also unlikely to respond with the designated correct answer. The issue of culture bias in tests remains an unresolved concern. The most recent research shows that differences in intelligence scores between Blacks and Whites are almost eliminated when adjustments are made for social and economic characteristics (Brooks-Gunn et al. 1996; Herrnstein and Murray 1994:30; Kagan 1971; J. Young 2003). The second issue, trying to associate these results with certain subpopulations such as races, also has a long history. In the past, a few have contended that Whites have more intelligence on average than Blacks. All researchers agree that within-group differences are greater than any speculated differences between groups. The range of intelligence among, for example, Korean Americans is much greater than any average difference between them as a group and Japanese Americans. The third issue relates to the subpopulations themselves. If Blacks or Whites are not mutually exclusive biologically, how can there be measurable differences? Many Whites and most Blacks have mixed ancestry that complicates any supposed inheritance of intelligence issue. Both groups reflect a rich heritage of very dissimilar populations, from Swedes to Slovaks and Zulus to Tutus. In 1994, an 845-page book unleashed a new national debate on the issue of IQ. The latest research effort of psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein and social scientist Charles Murray (1994), published in The Bell Curve, concluded that 60 percent of IQ is inheritable and that racial groups offer a convenient means to generalize about any differences in intelligence. Unlike most other proponents of the race-IQ link, the authors offered policy suggestions that include ending welfare to discourage births among low-IQ poor women and changing immigration laws so that the IQ pool in the United States is not diminished. Herrnstein and Murray even made generalizations intelligence quotient The ratio of a person’s mental age (as computed by an IQ test) to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100. ISBN: 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity about IQ levels among Asians and Hispanics in the United States, groups subject to even more intermarriage. It is not possible to generalize about absolute differences between groups, such as Latinos versus Whites, when almost half of Latinos in the United States marry non-Hispanics. Years later, the mere mention of â€Å"the bell curve† signals to many the belief in a racial hierarchy with Whites toward the top and Blacks near the bottom. The research present then and repeated today points to the difficulty in definitions: What is intelligence, and what constitutes a racial group, given generations, if not centuries, of intermarriage? How can we speak of definitive inherited racial differences if there has been intermarriage between people of every color? Furthermore, as people on both sides of the debate have noted, regardless of the findings, we would still want to strive to maximize the talents of each individual. All research shows that the differences within a group are much greater than any alleged differences between group averages. All these issues and controversial research have led to the basic question of what difference it would make if there were significant differences. No researcher believes that race can be used to predict one’s intelligence. Also, there is a general agreement that certain intervention strategies can improve scholastic achievement and even intelligence as defined by standard tests. Should we mount efforts to upgrade the abilities of those alleged to be below average? These debates tend to contribute to a sense of hopelessness among some policy makers who think that biology is destiny, rather than causing them to rethink the issue or expand positive intervention efforts. Why does such IQ research re-emerge if the data are subject to different interpretations? The argument that â€Å"we† are superior to â€Å"them† is very appealing to the dominant group. It justifies receiving opportunities that are denied to others. For example, the authors of The Bell Curve argue that intelligence significantly determines the poverty problem in the United States. We can anticipate that the debate over IQ and the allegations of significant group differences will continue. Policy makers need to acknowledge the difficulty in treating race as a biologically significant characteristic. Social Construction of Race If race does not distinguish humans from one another biologically, why does it seem to be so important? It is important because of the social meaning people have attached to it. The 1950 (UNESCO) Statement on Race maintains that â€Å"for all practical social purposes ‘race’ is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth† (Montagu 1972:118). Adolf Hitler expressed concern over the â€Å"Jewish race† and translated this concern into Nazi death camps. Winston Churchill spoke proudly of the â€Å"British race† and used that pride to spur a nation to fight. Evidently, race was a useful political tool for two very different leaders in the 1930s and 1940s. Race is a social construction, and this process benefits the oppressor, who defines who is privileged and who is not. The acceptance of race in a society as a legitimate category allows racial hierarchies to emerge to the benefit of the dominant â€Å"races. † For example, inner-city drive-by shootings have come to be seen as a race-specific problem worthy of local officials cleaning up troubled neighborhoods. Yet schoolyard shoot-outs are viewed as a societal concern and placed on the national agenda. People could speculate that if human groups have obvious physical differences, then they could have corresponding mental or personality differences. No one disagrees that people differ in temperament, potential to learn, and sense of humor. In its social sense, race implies that groups that differ physically also bear distinctive emotional and mental abilities or disabilities. These beliefs are based on the notion that humankind can be divided into distinct groups. We have already seen the difficulties associated with pigeonholing people into racial categories. Despite these difficulties, belief in the inheritance of behavior patterns and in an association between physical and cultural traits is widespread. It is called racism when this belief is coupled with the feeling that certain ISBN: 0-536-12071-4 racism A doctrine that one race is superior. Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 13 groups or races are inherently superior to others. Racism is a doctrine of racial supremacy, stating that one race is superior to another (Bash 2001; Bonilla-Silva 1996). We questioned the biological significance of race in the previous section. In modern complex industrial societies, we find little adaptive utility in the presence or absence of prominent chins, epicanthic folds of the eyelids, or the comparative amount of melanin in the skin. What is important is not that people are genetically different but that they approach one another with dissimilar perspectives. It is in the social setting that race is decisive. Race is significant because people have given it significance. Race definitions are crystallized through what Michael Omi and Howard Winant (1994) cal.