Educational Literacy in the Context of Environmental Ethics Essay

Educational Literacy in the consideration of Environmental EthicsABSTRACT I explore the concept of literacy and the contribution it might play in environmental moralistic philosophy. One of the goals of environmental ethics is to describe and contribute to the creation of an ecologically responsible culture. The creation of such(prenominal) a culture requires the development of knowledge and abilities that will help extend such a culture. Since education is one of the key institutions for instilling set and world views, it is important for environmental philosophers to think about the institutionalization of environmental theories in terms of their implications for the environmentally literate person. I argue that attention to literacy is prodigious for two reasons. First, it provides one way of evaluating the differences between competing environmental philosophies. Second, it raises the important suspicion of what kind of person is required to carry out a detail survey of environmental responsibility. By addressing the issue of education and literacy, philosophers interested in environmental ethics can help create a vision of citizens who defecate democratically internalized and integrated environmental values and priorities rather than having them compel from above. Environmental ethics presents us with a plurality of different theoretic positions, from sophisticated forms of anthropocentrism to competing views of ecofeminism and social ecology to various versions of biocentrism. The ethical discussions these positions have prompted reveal how difficult it is to extend or revise existing moral traditions in a manner that appears both plausible and socially allow to mainstream audiences. Traditional human-centered world views have a strong bear o... ...rz, Ecology as Politics (Boston South End Press, 1980), p. 17.(2) Aldo Leopold, A anchor County Almanac, with Essays from Round River, A Sierra Club/Ballantine Book (Oxford University Press, 196 6), p. 246.(3) Lawrence Blum, Moral lore and Particularity in Moral Perception and Particularity (Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 30-56.(4) cf. Justus Buchler, character and Judgment (New York Grosset and Dunlap, 1955) and Toward a General Theory of Human Judgment, 2nd ed. (New York capital of Delaware Publications, 1951).(5) Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, translated by Myra Bergman Ramus (New York Continuum, 1983), pp. 27-56.(6) Holmes Rolston III, Environmental Values in and Duties to the Natural humans in Ecology, Economics, Ethics The Broken Circle, eds. Herbert Bormann and Stephen Kellert (New Haven Yale University Press, 1991), pp. 82-96.

Analysis of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 Essa

intro In 2010, the United States took the first tangible step toward universal wellness like reporting, with the legalization of the Patient Protection and Affordable reverence acquit of 2010. According to the U.S. numerate Bureaus most recent enunciate the total population of the United States is nearly 309 million people (U.S. nose count Bureau, 2010). In 2009, it was estimated 49 % of the population was cover under an employer sponsored insurance conception (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). The same 2009 data reported an additional 29 % of the population was covered under some form of government or public course (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). Leaving 17 % of the U.S. population vulnerable without any form of health insurance coverage (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). It is this minority that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 will protect. Politicians speak of the nearly 50 million uninsurable Americans in generalities but who are these at-risk people the answer is a tortuous one (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2011). To begin with the 80 % of the uninsurable are U.S. citizens (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2011). It is estimated that 60% of the non-elderly uninsured have one or more full-time workers in the category and in a family of four the estimated family income is less than $22,050 per year (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2011). If categorized by age the largest portion of the nonelderly uninsured, according to studies, is the five-year-old adult cohort (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2011). portal One of the chief objectives of the new legislation is to provide insurance coverage for all citizens ensuring access to medical care for all and this begins with expanding the coverage for the young adult ... ...mmission on Medicade and the Uninsured http//www.kff.org/uninsured/1420.cfm openCongress. (n.d.). Health Care promissory note - H.R.3590 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - U.S. Congress - OpenCo ngress. Retrieved October 31, 2011, from Open Congress for the 112th United States Congress http//www.opencongress.org/bill/111-h3590/showSherman, P., Moscou, S., & Dang-Vu, C. (2009). The primary care crisis and health care reform. Journal of Health Care for the Poor & Underserved , 20 (4), 944-950.Starfield, B., Shi, L., & Macinko, J. (2005). Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. The Milbank Quarterly , 83 (3), 457-502.U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). American Fact Finder - Resuldts. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from U.S. Census Buereau http.//factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table

Define the Key Terms Essay

Application Generally, a function on all kind of computer or electronic device that is make use offul to the user, which apprize give the user a reason to want to own and use the device. More specifi scruby, software that performs round useful function for a user. reck mavinr network A combination of many components that work together so that many different devices can communicate. Computer networking The gerund form of the verge computer network. Email Electronic mail. An application in which the user can part text and attach other files to create the electronic equivalent of a postal letter, and send the email to a nonher person using his or her email address. Enterprise network A network owned and operated by a company, with that company being somewhat larger than typical, generally (but not exactly) with more than 1000 employees. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol, The protocol used by clear browsers and vane servers to define the format of URLs (web addresses) and th e messages used to exchange web objects. net profit/the Internet The global network formed by interconnecting most of the networks on the planet, with each home and company network connecting to an Internet service supplier (ISP), which in turn connects to other ISPs. Link A generic term for any network cable or wireless communications data track between two devices over which bits can be transmitted.Node A generic term for any networking device that sits on the end of links, for the aspiration of both connecting links to create physical paths and to make decisions about how to onwards data through the network. Protocol A set of rules that different devices and/or software must follow so that the network works correctly. picture frame A grid of pixel locations of a chosen width by height that contains the lights/colors to be shown in a scene at a single point in time. Voice strain A more modern term for a telephone call that does not use the word telephone, instead emphasiz ing the fact that the business that flows between the endpoints is voice. web address Text that identifies details about one object in a network so that a knob can request that object from a server. An informal term for URL. Web browser Literally, software controlled directly by a user that requests web pages from a web server, and after receiving a page, displays the web page in a window. More generally, this term refers to both the software and the hardware on which it executes. Web page In a web browser, all the text, images, video, and telephone that fill the window of the browser when the user opens a link to some web address. Web server Literally, software that stores web pages and web objects, listens for requests for those pages, and sends the limit of those pages/objects to clients. More generally, this term refers to both the software and the hardware on which it executes.

Disability Discrimination Essay

Would you deem Karina disabled under the adenosine deaminaseAA? If so, what reasonable accommodations would you offer to her?Karina has a medical condition requiring her to take steroids and other medicinal drugs. This condition led to Karina gaining weight and not able to wear cardinal uniform items, the stockings and heels. These conditions affect her back, circulatory system, and endurance level. Additionally, according to her doctor, Karina essential break up wearing the stockings and heels because of her condition. Based on this information, Karina does qualify as disabled scour if she does not display symptoms that interfere with her ability to perform her duties. By winning medication, Karina is mitigating (reducing) the effects of her illness. However, her employer cannot consider this information in determining if she has a protect deterrent under the ADAAA. The ADA was passed nearly 20 years past to provide legal protections for, and to end discrimination agains t, workers with disabilities. The ADA is a large civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability.It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which make discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. Under the ADA, an individual is considered to have a disability if that individual either (1) has a physical or mental injustice which substantially limits one or more of that persons study(ip) tone activities, (2) has a record of such an impairment, or (3) is regarded by the cover entity as having such an impairment. The determination of whether any particular condition is considered a disability is made on a circumstance by case basis.When the ADA was first passed into law in 1990, federal courts were very relentless in determining which employees met the ADAs definition of a disability, resulting in the dismissal of many cases. A series o f such court decisions made it increasingly difficult to qualify for the laws protections. To remedy this problem, relative recently passed the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA), which went into effect on January 1, 2009. The ADAAA made quintuplet changes to the ADA that are significant. 1.It provides that the definition of the ADA disability must twain be more flexible and broadly construed. 2.It expands the list of major life activities.3.It provides that courts can no longer consider whether mitigating measures, such as medication or assistive technology, reduce the impact of impairment on an individual. 4.It states that diseases that are episodic or in remission may still be disabilities. 5.It provides that employees who claims they are regarded as disabled can now make an ADA claim, even if the perceived disability does not impact a major life activity. It is important that employers be up to speed on these changes. This is curiously important because the ADAAA created a shift of emphasis in applying the law. In enacting the ADAAA, relative instructed that it should be interpreted to favor broad coverage of individuals under the ADA, and that courts must focus not on whether an employee is disabled, but on whether the employer is complying with its obligations under the law.

Nursing Jurisprudence

LEGAL &038 ETHICAL issues in retain nursing Etiquette interested with moral principle governing the doings of sucks towards endurings, physicians, colleagues, the nursing profession and universe Ethics part of philosophy that deals with systematic approaches to questions of morality a boundary for the case of how we make judgments regarding accountability and reproach a system of honourable PRINCIPLES or moral standards governing result Moral human strike in the application of ethics Concerned with JUDGMENT PRINCIPLES of right and wrong in relation to human feations and char constituteer Determinants of the Morality of Human solve The OBJECT The END The CIRCUMSTANCES Ethical Principles Ethical Principles INVIOLABILITY OF LIFE distributively(prenominal) human conduct, from the moment of conception and through each(prenominal) subsequent stages, is spiritual No angiotensin converting enzyme tolerate violate or destroy life 8 ETHICAL DILEMMAS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN VITRO FERTILIZATION clement copy CONTRACEPTION ABORTION EUTHANASIA PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE HUMAN TRANSPLANTATION 9 Argument favoring Euthanasia compassion for the uncomplaining and cut d ingest the compass point of suffering of the patientArgument disapproving Euthanasia it is intrinsic ally wrong since it rejects life. 10 STEWARDSHIP Man has DOMINION over Gods creation himself (life and comfortablyness), creatures and environment One should reasonably, responsibly and appraisefully benefit from them for service NOT domination TOTALITY Parts atomic number 18 integral, destined to be part of and range to a solid SOLIDARITY One to be with new(prenominal)(a)s to live a wizard of interest, certificate of indebtedness or goal. Based on the common hot, love of neighbor, prejudiced for the most proximate and most need SUBSIDIARITYEvery creature should be entrusted with the functions he is resourceful of performing. It relates to hum an dignity and recognize mortals as free and liable agents able to rush and make decisions for them AUTONOMY egotism Governance/Self Rule Having the freedom to make choices 4 Basic Elements of Autonomy 1. regard as for Autonomous Person 2. Ability to determine mortalal goals 3. Capacity to locate 4. Has independence to Act CONFIDENTIALITY Requires non-disclosure of private or secret cultivation Confidentiality of education ? Privileged communication ? Based on trust Revealed when a.The patient permits much(prenominal) revelation. b. Medico- well-grounded cases/legal proceedings c. Communicable disease / public safety whitethorn be jeopardized. d. Continuity of parcel out JUSTICE refers to the province to be beautiful to otherwise people. Types 1. distributive justice- fair distribution of responsibilities 2. evil justice- penalty proportionate to crime 3. rectificatory justice- just compensation in civil law apportionable Justice To each twinly. To each accord ing to need. To each according to merit. To each according to persons right. To each according to individual effort.To each as you would have done by. To each according to the greatest good to a greater number Double Effect Principle When an round has both good and bad effects, it is permissible if 1) The direct freely elect effect is morally good and the indirect foreseen but non want whitethorn be harmful, 2) The activeness/object moldiness non be evil, 3) The foreseen beneficial effect must(prenominal) be greater or partake to the foreseen evil effect 4) The beneficial effect must follow in a flash from the action or at least as immediate as the harmful effect BENEFICENCE- means to do good and not to do harm.NON- MALEFICENCE- one ought not to inflict evil or harm. 22 FIDELITY- refers to the obligation to be faithful to the agreements, giftments and responsibilities that one has made to oneself and others VERACITY- refers to telling the truth or not captiveionally deceivi ng or misleading patients 23 RESPECT- treat all human worlds as persons with rights SHARING AND ALLOCATION OF RESOURCESwho will receive occurrence scarce mental imagerys. 24 NURSING ETHICS ? All principles of right conduct in the ship of nursing ? Appraisal of rightness or wrongness of an act BIOETHICS Specific domain of ethics Systemic study of human behavior in the field of life science and health c atomic number 18 in the light of moral values and principles Code of nurse Ethics respect for human dignity safeguards the clients right to privacy safeguard client and public assumes responsibleness and accountability for own actions and judgments maintains competence in nursing practice sessions informed judgment, competence and qualifications in judge responsibilities and delegating nursing activities Contributes to the development of the professions body of association implement and improve standards of care establish and maintain conditions of employment conduc ive to high-quality nursing care protect the public from mis study and misre indicateation and to maintain the rightfulness of nursing In collaboration with other allied health group members, meet the health care needs of the public Patients Bill of Rights The patient has the right to 1) considerate and respectful care. 2) relevant, current, and understandable information concerning diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. ) make decisions regarding his plan of care in case of refusal, he is entitle to other seize care and service or to be transferred to around other(prenominal) hospital. 4) Have advance directive ( such as living will) concerning treatment or de scratchating a surrogate decision maker. 5) Every consideration of his privacy such as in case discussion, consultation and treatment. 6) Confidentiality of communication and records 7) Review his records concerning his checkup care and have these explained to him except when restricted by law. ) Expect that in spite o f appearance its capacity and policies, a hospital will make reasonable retort to the request of a patient for appropriate and medically indicated care and services. 9) Be informed of business relationship among hospital, educational institution, health care providers that whitethorn influence the patients treatment and care. 10) Consent or decline to insert in experimental research affecting his care. 11) Reasonable continuity of care when appropriate and be informed of other care options when hospital care is no longer appropriate 12) Be informed of hospital policies and practices that relate to patient care.Nurses Bill of Rights Nurses have the right to 1) custom in a room that fulfills their obligation to the society and to those who receive nursing care. 2) act in environments that allow them to act in accordance with victor standards and legally authorized scope of nursing. 3) Work environment that supports and facilitates ethical practice 4) Freely and openly advocate for themselves and their patients without fear of retribution. 5. Fair compensation for their utilization consistent with their knowledge, experience, and professional responsibilities. 6.Work environment that is safe for themselves and their patients. 7. Negotiate conditions of employment, in all practice settings. LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING Nursing Jurisprudence the philosophy of law, or the science which treats the principles of positive law and legal relations Comprises all laws, convenings, doctrines and principles, legal opinions and decisions of competent authority regarding governance and regulations of the practice of nursing. Functions of the Law in Nursing 1. Provides a framework for establishing what nursing actions in the care of patients are legal. . Delineates the nurses responsibilities from those of other health practitioners 3. Helps to establish the boundaries of autonomous nursing action 4. Assists in maintaining a standard of nursing practice by making nurses accountable under the law. Philippine Nursing Law Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 R. A. 9173 (October 21, 2002/ November 20, 2002) regulates Philippine nursing practice at present. The law provides round nursing registration, nursing examination, nursing education, nursing practice, and health human resource production, utilization and development.It is made up of 19 articles and 41 sections. Prohibitions in cause of Nursing (Section 35) PENALTY Fine a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Php50,000- Php100,000 and/or captivity 1- 6 long time practice nursing without certificate or special permit use the certificate of others as his own use an invalid certificate institute false evidence during registration falsely pose or say as a registered nurse illegally append BSN/RN to his/her get to abet or assist the illegal practice of a person who is not rule-governedly qualified to practice nursingNEGLIGENCE Commission or thoughtlessness of an act, pursuant to a responsibleness, that a reasonably pru dent person in the same or similar circumstance would or would not do, and playacting or the non-acting of which is the proximate cause of injury to another person or his piazza Elements of Professional Negligence Duty fail of duty Foreseeability defect Direct relationship between failure to meet standard of care and injury can be proved Res Ipsa Loquitor the thing speaks for itself 3 conditions 1.Accident which ordinarily doesnt occur in the absence of whateverones negligence 2. Must be caused by an situation or inwardly the exclusive control of the patronageant 3. Must not have been referable to voluntary action or contribution on the part of the plaintiff Specific Examples of Negligence Failure to report observations to attending physicians. Failure to exercise the degree of diligence which the tidy sum of the particular case demands. Misinterpreted identity. handle medicine, wrong concentration, wrong route, wrong dose. Defects in the equipment such as stretch ers and wheelchairs whitethorn lead to falls thus injuring the patients. Errors due to family assistance. Administration of medicine without a doctors prescription. Legal Defense in Negligence cookery of standard of care in giving service and that they have put down the care they precondition in a concise and accurate manner. enjoyment sound judgment assumption of risk MALPRACTICE Stepping beyond ones authority with undecomposed consequences Reducing The gamble of Malpractice Litigation Maintain redeeming(prenominal) Communication Be courteous, show respect, and take time to listen Do not belittle patients or make value judgment conduct patients in decision making Assess clients level of understanding formulate so client understand Clarify and verify Reducing The Risk of Malpractice Litigation Maintain Expertise in Practice Keep up to date in both knowledge and skills Do not begin either task or give any meds that is unfamiliar Practice inwardly the profes sional scope of practice Be familiar with standards of care Be attentive of clients ever-changing status counterbalance close attention to details Document objectively, thoroughly and in a timely fashionReducing The Risk of Malpractice Litigation Maintain autonomy and em force outment scrap questionable physician tell Seek attention for patient with changing needs Challenge bureaucratic structures that threaten patients well-being Avoid institutional settings that produce systematic threats to patient welfare Respondeat master key Let the superior answer for the acts of the subordinate Master and servant are answerable servant is responsible Actions performed by the employee inwardly the scope of his employment. host Majeure irresistible/ superior force Accident which human prudence can neither foresee or prevent Act of God financial obligation of Nurses Work of Nursing Aides Work of Nursing Students Delegation A process of transferring selected Nursing tasks to an individual who is competent. Any nursing intervention that requires independent special nursing knowledge, skill or judgment CANNOT be allotd. Tasks that bring the assessment, planning and evaluation phases of the nursing process cannot be delegated. Delegation involves business an obligation to accomplish a task Accountability acceptance of responsibility for the outcome of a duty Authority right to act or empower Principles of delegation A nurse can only delegate those tasks for which that nurse is responsible, according to the specific states nurse practice act The delegator stay accountable for the task Along with responsibility for a task, the nurse who delegates must also transfer the authority indispensable to complete the task The delegator knows well the task to be delegated Delegation is a contractual agreement that is entered into voluntarily Telephone Orders Only in an extreme emergency and when no other resident or intern is available. Nurse should r ead back the order to the physician. Signed by the physician within 24 hours. Nurse should sign the name of physician per her own and note the time the order was received. take CONSENT Free and rational act that presupposes knowledge of the thing to which fancy is being given by a person who is legally capable to give consent. Authorization, by a patient or a person authorized by law to give the consent on the patients behalf.Informed Consent a) The diagnosis and description of the condition. b) A fair explanation of the procedures to be done and used and the consequences. c) A description of alternative treatments or procedures. d) A description of the benefits to be expected. e) Material rights if any. f) The prognosis. Things to Remember Patient is the one who gives the consent. Person who is authorized to give the consent in behalf of the patient. Parents of minors. Minors are allowed if emancipated or married. Parents or legal guardians for mentally ill patients. e xigency situation entails implied consent. Patient has the right to refuse. MEDICAL RECORDS ? Legal protection for the hospital, doctor, and nurse ? If it was not charted, it was not observed or done. ? Nurses are expected to fully, accurately, legibly, and instantly document their observations. ? Subpoena duces tecum ? When a nurse or clinical teacher countersigns the charting of a nursing student, he/she attests that he/she has personal knowledge of information and that such is accurate and authentic. CRIME ?An act perpetrate or omitted in violation of the law. Elements a)Criminal act b)Evil/criminal intent TORTS ?A legal wrong, act against a person or property. 1. Assault and Battery 2. False Imprisonment or Illegal Detention 3. Invasion of Right to Privacy and Breach of Confidentiality 4. Defamation Criminal Actions a. Misdemeanor General name for a criminal offense which does not amount to felony Punishment is usually a finely or fetter less than 1 year. b. Felony Public offense liable to be sentenced to death or penitentiary imprisonment. Deceit (dolo) ? deliberate intent Fault (culpa)? rongful acts result from imprudence , negligence, or lack of skill or anticipation Classes of Felonies Degree of the Acts of Execution Attempted offender commences the commission of the act and does not perform all the acts or execution by reason of well-nigh cause or misfortune other than his own spontaneous desistance queer Consummated offender performs all when all the elements acts or execution of felony requisite for its execution but never produce it and accomplishment are because of causes present independent of the will of the perpetrator Degree of Punishment Grave little Grave Light capital punishment (death) or penalties which any of their periods are afflictive (imprisonment ranging from 6 yrs to 1 daylight to life improsnment or a fine not exceeding P6000. 00) penalties which in penalty of arresto their maximum period menor (imprisonment a re correctional for 1 day to 30 days or a (imprisonment ranging fine not exceeding from 1 month and 1 day P200. 00 or both to 30 days or a fine not exceeding P6000. 00 but not less than P200. 00) vile NEGLIGENCE a. Reckless Imprudence Person does an act or fails to do it voluntarily but without malice, from which material disablement results immediately.Person did not use precaution and the damage was not immediate or the impending danger was not bare b. Simple Imprudence CRIMINAL INTENT State of mind of a person at the time the criminal act is committed Knowledge that the act was unlawful Requisites There must be FREEDOM There must be INTELLIGENCE Requisites of Criminal Intent Freedom Intelligence Freedom is absent in the 1. An imbecile or insane (unless following circumstances acting during lucid of 1. Under indispensableness of an interval). irresistible force. 2. Under golf club years old. 2. Under the urge of 3.Over nine under fifteen difficult fear or an equal (un less he had acted with or greater injury. discernment). Persons reprehensively Liable Principals Those who take direct part in the execution of the act (principal by direct participation) Those who directly force or induce others to commit it (principal by inducement) Those who cooperate in the commission of the offense by another act without which it would not have been accomplished (principal by cooperation) Accomplices The person who have a common criminal purpose with the criminal. Have the intention to friend and knowledge about the crime.Accessories Have the knowledge but did not participate in the act. a. By profiting themselves. b. By concealing or destroying body of the crime, or instrument thereof, in order to prevent its discovery. c. By harboring, concealing or assisting in escape of the principal. Circumstances Affecting Criminal liability JUSTIFYING ? Does not commit crime in the eye of the law a. In denial of his person or rights b. In defense of the rights of his family c. In order to evacuate an evil or injury d. In the fulfillment of a duty e. In obedience to an order by some superior for some lawful purposesEXEMPTING ? There is crime committed but there is no criminal on account of absence of freewill and voluntariness to act. a. An imbecile or insane (unless acted on lucid interval) b. Under 9 yrs c. Over 9 and under 15 (unless acted on discernment) d. While performing a lawful act with due care, cause an injury by mere accident without fault or intention of causing it e. Act under the compulsion of an irresistible force f. Acts under impulse of uncontrollable fear of an equal injury g. Who fails to perform an act required by law, when prevented by some lawful or insuperable cause. MITIGATING ? which lessen the penalty a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Under 18 or over 70 yrs old No intention to commit so grave There was sufficient provocation Acted on impulse so powerful to have produced obfuscation Voluntarily surrendered Deaf or dumb, blind or suffering from defect. Illness that diminish will power Immediate vindication of grave offense to the one committing the felony, his/her spouse, ascendants, descendants, legitimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters, or relative by affinity within the first degree Lack of education is not Mitigating in 1. pillage 2. Forcible abduction 3. Arson 4. Treason 5.In crimes against chastity like seduction and acts of prurience and 6. Those acts committed in a merciless or heinous manner AGGRAVATING ? which increases the penalty a. Public position b. In contempt of public authority c. Committed with insult or in disregard of the respect of the offended party on account of his/her rank, age, or sex or that it is committed in the dwelling of the offended party, if the latter has not given provocation d. With abuse or confidence or obvious ungratefulness e. in a place of worship f. Conflagration, shipwreck, earthquake, epidemic or other calamity or misfortune g.Price, reward, or promise h. Committed by means of fire, poison, explosion, i. With evident premeditation or after unlawful opening j. Craft, fraud, or disguise is employed k. Causing other wrongs not necessary for its commission ? ALTERNATIVE ? Those which must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating according to the nature effects of the crime and other conditions attending its commission ? Alternative circumstance of relationship should be taken into consideration Points to Observe in Order to Avoid Criminal Liability a. Be very familiar with the nursing law. b. Beware of the laws affecting nursing practice. . At the start of employment, get a copy of your job description, the agencys rules, regulations and policies. d. Upgrade your skills and competence. e. Accept only such responsibility that is within the scope of your employment and your job description. f. Do not delegate your responsibility to others. g. Determine whether your subordinates are competent in the work you are depute them. h. Develop good interpersonal relationships with your coworkers, whether they be your supervisors, peers or subordinates. i. Consult your superiors for problems that may be too big for you to handle. . Verify orders that are not elucidate to you or those that seem to be erroneous. k. The doctors should be informed about the patients condition. l. Keep in mind the value and necessity of belongings accurate and adequate records. m. Patients are entitled to an informed consent. Moral depravity An act of baseness, vileness or depravity in social or private duties which a man owes to hi fellow man or society in general, an act contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right and duty between men Murder ? Unlawful cleaning a human being WITH INTENT to kill. ? A very serious crimeEx. Criminal miscarriage Euthanasia Homicide ? Killing of a human being WITHOUT CRIMAL INTENT by a person other than his father, female parent or child or any of his ascendants or descendants, or h is spouse Abortion ? Expulsion of the product of conceptus before the age of viability ? In the law, any person who, with the intention pr prematurely ending a pregnancy, wilfully and unlawfully does any act to cause the same is guilty of procuring abortion ? Art. II Sec. 15 of Phil. Constitution protects the life of the unborn Infanticide ? Killing of a child less than three (3) days of age ?Mother who committed this crime shall be imprisoned for two (2) years, four (4) months and one (1) day to six (6) years Parricide ? Crime committed by one who kills his/her father, mother or child whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his ascedants or descedants or his spouse. ? Convicted with this crime, shall be imposed a penalty of life imprisonment (Reclusion Perpetua) to death Robbery ? Crime against a person or property ? The taking of personal property of another person from him or in his presence Common Legal Terms R. Ns should know Affidavit is a written statement made under oath efore a notary public or other person duly authorized well-behaved Law concerned with legal rights and duties of private persons Criminal Law deals with conduct that is considered to be offensive to a society as a whole Day in Court the right of a person to appear in court and be heard concerning his complaint/defense defendant the person being accused of wrongdoing therefore needs to defend himself Deposition an oral interrogation answering all manner of questions relating to the motion at issue, given under oath and taken in create verbally before a judicial officer or attorney

Emerging Technology Essay

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the expediencys of calculators/softw ar and the utilise of figurer engine room in investigations. Summarize the disadvantages to impartiality enforcement with respect to the advancements of com regorgeers. Real upshots exit be researched in order to understand how com regulariseers peck be use in criminal activities, as well as a case that the use of a electronic computer was beneficial to the prosecution in a criminal case. A final conclusion paragraph go forth manner of speaking my personal subjective opinion as to whether these technologies, in an overall smell ar a benefit or hindrance to truth enforcement efforts. launchSince computers defy be sleep together such a big part of our lives it is no surprise that even criminals right off know how to hack into large computer ne bothrks. Obtaining electronic evidence may be one of the most ticklish fonts of evidence to re hug. an opposite(prenominal) issue is authenticatin g this evidence however with the help of well-grounded standards this evidence is admissible in court today. Even though computers are the most dominant form of applied science that is employ in a variety of situations, there are set backs to everything and computers are no exceptions as this paper will explain (Forensic Science, n.d.).The Advantages of Computers and the Use of Computer Technology in Investigations In order to paint an accurate picture of the advantages of computers and technology relating to investigation we must(prenominal) start as close to the beginning as possible. This would be when President Johnson in his State of the union Address to Congress in 1968. This is where the President made the announcement to bring the most advanced technology to the war on discourtesy in every city and country in America (Northrop, 1993). It was less than ten months when the congress along with the President, put into law the Omnibus criminal offence Control and Safe Str eets Act of 1968.This law created the Law Enforcement Assistance Association (LEAA), to handle and deliver on the see of the President of technological assistance. During the next ten years the LEAA contributed meanly $50 one million million million to state and local anesthetic anesthetic government criminal justice and law enforcement agencies for disgust contradicting. Otherfederal agencies like the FBI matched the funding as well as local and state governments themselves (Northrop, 1993). To demonstrate the usefulness of computers by police in the fight against criminal offense, this pare to the paper will refer to results from a comprehensive repeated-measures athletic field study that looked specifically at how useful computers are to police in the fight against crime.The study focused on a particular soma of computer use, which was the searches for vital info because this is the bulk of computer activity for officers and are valued by the police in their fight against crime. Between 1976 and 1988 the breeding did show a clear improvement in both the use of and benefits from such clays (Northrop, 1993). The only drawback is that the investment in search systems and the promise they throw a style for improving police effectiveness is badly cons accomplished by deficient training of patrol officers and sc show ups (Northrop, 1993). However, there is a very simple resoluteness to this small glitch and that is to create an adequate training system and put all officers through that training program (Northrop, 1993).The most not adequate to(p) trouble facing officers was the chronic lack of information. This spans the range from the police chiefs shortage of information on how to use the departments limited resources to the patrol officers uncertainty over whom to demote and question regarding suspicious behavior. In the 1970s and early 1980s, this worry was turn to using a multi-facade management approach and there were big payoffs. The pro blem of improving how information was provided to police officers in the street or to the detective working a case was harder to fix. They soon realized the only way to specific individuals or cases was the existing records.However, the only means of utilizing those records was to look them up (Northrop, 1993). From utilizing computers in cars so officers could run a license plate and kind security number to see if there are any warrants out for the person they s gratuityped, to more advances such as carrying cell phones, GPS tracking systems in cars, crime mapping tools, information sharing between state and local law enforcement, to even sharing information across countries.Technology has come a long way in helping officers and other agents at bottom the criminal justice system do their job. Just a good turn more about the advantages of the things mentioned above and season to move on. The most fire thing is Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which has become a most of t he essence(p) tool for law enforcement agencies. GIS, othermapping software and desktop computers now are able-bodied of mapping and data analysis that is way above and beyond what used to be possible with backroom mainframe computers (Rubley, 2011). Another great advancement is the widespread use of everyone using mobile devices. Many officers now use two to lead cell phones. The invention of apps has made it easy for everyone to tap a button and instantly retrieve valuable information. Information that used to matter several steps to obtain using a browser is now at the officers fingertips.Mobile technology is evolving all the time and it is evolving fast, even in the past few years the government has been able to identify a suspect through a facial actualisation app on the iPhone, look up a potential jurors social media compose during voir dire, and now they even have real time data be adrift to mobile devices which tail provide information on a flitting or get instant i mpertinentlys feeds. There is no uncertainty that computers and technology have restitutionn law enforcement to a whole new level (Rubley, 2011). What Disadvantages Face Law Enforcement with Respect to the Advancements of Computers? One big disadvantage is that there is such a high volume of information world exchanged daily on the internet and while this is a well-off thing for most of us, there are also criminals taking advantage of the opportunity. There is corporate fraud, theft, intellectual property disputes, and even split of narrow and asset recovery issues.These are about of the situations that use computers to charge up the crime and use computer forensics to solve the crime (n.a., 2009). An additional disadvantage is do sure that the digital evidence is going to be admissible in court. Since data can be modified very easy, the analyst must be able to comply with the standards of evidence required by law. The analyst must make sure their investigation is fully do cumented and accounted for. Another real disadvantage is the cost of retrieving the data. Computer forensic experts are chartered by the hour and the process of analyzing and reporting the data can take up to 15 hours depending on the nature of the case (n.a., 2009). Other disadvantages are really the same ones facing all users of technology.If the system is d birth there is no information that can be retrieved. If the user is not trained in using the technological equipment at his/her disposal then this will be a waste of time. If the input of information is incorrect which sometimes occurs because of human error, then that will cause a problem for officers in the long run. The effort Chosen to be researched where the Computer was used to care in the Commission of a Crime. 3 NJ Students Charged in School Computer HackingOn April 14, 2010, in Haddonfield N.J. three students hacked into one of the top preforming High Schools. They are now facing charges for attempting to change the ir grades once they were into the system. The three students are boys, ages 14, 15, and 16 but because they are minors their names have not been twistd. The Boys were embed out when a staff member found one of the boys using keystroke capture software on one of the computers at the school in an attempt to steal a teachers password. That student then implicated the others in this crime.The boys were charged with illegally obtaining information and were released to their parents (Associated Press, 2010). This is a wonderful example of how people, who might never have attached a crime in their lives, get ideas about computers as if this is not a crime. They get on the internet, explore places and things that are illegal and never think twice about it because they are either in their own home and feel protected, or they feel that it is easier to get away with computer related crimes and take their chances.There is too much technology and it is terrible in the wrong hands. People need to realize that especially crime on the internet will always be solved sooner or later because what you do on a computer leaves a print forever that can never be erased. look for Case Where a Computer was Beneficial to the Prosecution in a pitiful Case In this case a woman age 45, named Sonia Martin, from Nigeria and Chicago, Illinois was handler of a Chicago cell in one of the most advanced and organized computer hacking and aura cash out schemes ever perpetrated (U.S. lawyers Office, 2012). On August 12, 2012 she was sentenced to serve two years and sixsome months in a federal prison on charges of conspiracy to commit wore fraud. She will also serve five years of supervised release and $89,120.25 in restitution fees (U.S. Attorneys Office, 2012). According the United States attorney Yates, in November of 2008 a group of hackers obtained unauthorized access into the computer system of a company called WorldPay US, Inc., then known as RBS WorldPay, which is a defrayal proces sor in Atlanta.The hackers were very sophisticated and used some brass techniques to compromise the data encryption that WorldPay used to protect the customers data on payroll debit carte du jours. These are used by more and more companies to pay their employees. This is convenient for employees as they can use the debit display board right away or use it to withdraw their salaries right from an aura (U.S. Attorneys Office, 2012). Once they were in, hackers raised the balances and ATM withdraw limits on the compromised accounts. They then provided a network of lead cashers with 44 debit card account numbers and their PIN numbers, which they used to withdraw more than $9 million from over 2,100 ATMs in at least 280 cities worldwide, including cities in the United States, Russia, Ukraine, Estonia, Italy, Hong Kong, Japan, and Canada (U.S. Attorneys Office, 2012).The whole thing, $9 million dollars, took less than 12 hours to pull off on November 8, 2008 (U.S. Attorneys Office, 2012 ). Throughout the cash out the hackers monitored these fraudulent ATM withdraws in real time from inside the computer systems of WorldPay. Once the transactions were complete the hackers sought to repeal data stored on the card processing network so they could cover up this illegal activity. WorldPay discovered the unauthorized activity and reported the breach (U.S. Attorneys Office, 2012). Sonia Martin was working with one of the lead cashers and supervised a cashing crew in Chicago. Martin was given PIN codes, and payroll cards, and then make counterfeit debit cards based on that information. So she hand out cards to her underlings that she recruited and supervised. Together they all withdrew approximately $80,000 from various ATMs around Chicago, during the early morning hours of November 8, 2008. Martins primary mention is Nigeria (U.S. Attorneys Office, 2012).This case was investigated by special agents of the federal office of investigations. Other who helped provide assi stance included numerous domestic and world(prenominal) law enforcement partners and WorldPay immediately reported the crime and substantially assisted in the investigation (U.S. Attorneys Office, 2012). ConclusionMy belief is that the new technology and computers have really given law enforcement some spectacular tools to do their job. I feel that technology has aided in the increase of incarcerations. Anytime criminals can be taken off the streets or even out of the loathsomeness of their homes where they are committing crimes, this is a good thing. Yes there are some disadvantages that can also be dealt with. The problems of officers being unaware of how to use some of this modernistic technology can be cured by sending them to some training programs. All officers need to be aware of what evidence to roll when it is possibly on a computer and the chain of custody that this type of technology requires.As technology advances, unfortunately so will the crime that is being commit ted with that technology. Officers everywhere must be able to serve to these crimes effectively. This is why it is so important for every department to keep up with the fast paced computer technology, cell phone technology and any other technology that will aid in catching the bad guy. ReferencesAssociated Press. (2010). 3 NJ students charged in school computer hacking. Retrieved June 6, 2013, from abclocal.go.com http//abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story? sectionalisation=news/technology&id=7386890 n.a. (2009). Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Forensics . Retrieved June 9, 2013, from anushreepatil.ewebsite.com http//www.anushreepatil.ewebsite.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-computer-forensics.html Northrop, A. (1993). Police of Computers.Retrieved June 10, 2013, from Center for Research on Information http//www.escholarship.org/uc/item/71x0h7hbpage-2 Rubley, S. (2011). How Has Mobile Evolved to Help the Investigative association . Retrieved June 9, 2013, from Blog. Thomson Ruters.com http//blog.thomsonreuters.com/index.php/how-has-mobile-evolved-to-help-the-investigative-community/ U.S. Attorneys Office. (2012, August 12). Sentencing in Major International Cyber Crime Prosecution . Retrieved June 9, 2013, from FBI.gov http//www.fbi.gov/atlanta/press-releases/2012/sentencing-in-major-international-cyber-crime-prosecution

African-American History

Afri stomach-American history booker T. upper-case letter and W. E. B. Du Bois had contrasting views on how to deal with the problems facing American-Americans. Which was superior in dealing with these conflicts? Booker T. majuscule and WEB Du Bois atomic number 18 perhaps the twain most important and prestigious Afro-Americans of the late nineteenth century and they virtually(prenominal) played pivotal roles in the Civil Rights move spirt forcet. However, as the question suggests, they as nearly had real contrasting semipolitical beliefs when it came to impacting the African-American movework forcet.To fully substantiate where the two leaders had similarities and contrasts in their political views, I will prototypical use up Washingtons contri besidesions to the African-American cause, and the reasons behind his choices. Focus will then shift to Du Bois views and his of import criticisms of Washington, and whether these criticisms were valid or not. To lowstand th e methods and reactions of Washington and Du Bois it is first meaty to understand the background they were functioning in.During the late nineteenth century, when Washington and Du Bois were at their peak, reconstruction had failed and disembodied spirit for legion(predicate) African-Americans was considerably worse then it had been originally the American Civil War and the abolishment of slavery. African-Americans found themselves in the worse remunerative jobs in two rural areas, where they were exploited by an un sane sharecropping system, and in to a greater extent urban areas, where the industrial revolution was beginning to take hold. separationism was excessively rapidly moving through extinct American society be reinforced in 1896 by the Plessy vs.Fergusoncase where it was decided that segregation was constitutional under the argument that it was separate but equal. More worryingly, during this eon the twist of African-Americans falling victim to lynching was r apidly growing. Due to these worsening conditions many a(prenominal) African-American leaders of the time developed a tolerating attitude towards the pellucid oppression there people were suffering, believing that outspoken protest would merely make situations worse, and so instead they would appeal for aid from wealthy and influential whites and encourage African-Americans to lift themselves by their bootstraps1.When looking at the background scope it functions clear why Washington and Du Bois had differing views when it came to Civil Rights. Washington had been natural a slave in the southward and grew up poorly fed and draped and was denied an education. Growing up in the South Washington would contribute had first hand experience with the sort of discrimination many African-Americans were faced with at the time and would wear withal understood the real worship many African-Americans had of lynching.With this in mind it can be seen why Washington would have been more cautious in his methods of progressing Civil Rights. Du Bois by contrast was innate(p) a freeman in the North and didnt suffer discrimination until he entered higher education, and so it is understand open why he would not have had the same reservations as Washington when it came to a more radical overture to dealing with the oppression of African-Americans. Washingtons work for the African-American race can be most clearly seen when looking at the Tuskegee Institution, which still exists today.The school heart-to-heart in July 1881 and was at the out practise only space rented from a local anaesthetic church, with only one teacher, that being Washington. The following year Washington was able to purchase a former plantation, which became the permanent site of the school, and the students themselves erected and fitted the seduceings, as well as growing their own crops and rearing their own livestock. piece the Tuskegee constitute did maintain some academic training for teach ers, its main focus was on providing hardheaded skills needed to survive in rural areas, such as carpentry and modern agricultural techniques.It can be argued that this more vocational slant towards teaching method was damaging in the progression of African-American rights, except Washington believed that to become kindly equal to whites, African-Americans must first become frugalally equal and show that they are responsible American citizens, who had something to offer society. Also, it can be argued that the practical teaching of the Tuskegee Institute was far more beneficial for the time than academic teaching would have been. The Institute is likewise a good example of why perhaps Washington had some merit with his views of appeasement.Washington was able to use his acquaintance with powerful white men to help finance the school and even got ex-slave owners, such as George W. Campbell, to house the new school. Without this aid it is unlikely that the Tuskegee Institute would have ever evolved from a small rented room into the huge institution that it is today. While the Tuskegee Institute showcased Washingtons views on education the capital of Georgia Expedition Address illustrated what he supposedly believed African-Americans coiffure in society should be. Washington delivered the ddress in 1895, and was designed to cement the friendship of the races and bring about hearty cooperation amongst them 2. Washingtons main purpose with the battle of Atlanta Address was to help achieve a realistic settlement between Southern Whites, Northern Whites and the African-American community in a time when race relations were only getting worse. Washington was no motion anxious not to antagonise the white population who held African-Americans at their mercy, and so he urged barrens to remain in the South, work at the common occupations of life, and usurp the fact of white supremacy 3.When addressing the white population in his public lecture Washington re assured them that African-Americans had no intention or interest in securing social equality, that all they required was economic cooperation, In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress 4. The work Washington did for African-American crossed over into the twentieth century with the creation of the National Negro Business partnershipin 1900.The look of the League was to help promote and further the commercial and financial education of African-American business 5, not only in the South but also the North of America. The creation of the League empathized Washingtons belief that to become socially equal to whites that African-Americans must first become economically equal. However it can be argued that the League held little immensity when considering African-American business as it did little to assist, but that it allowed Washington to have a stronghold of men in every black population of importance 6.Compared to Washington Du Bois political views can be seen as being quite radical for the social climate of the time. Du Bois probably had more radical views because of his different background, as he didnt have a history of slavery and did live in alarm of lynching the look many African-Americans did at the time. However, Du Bois did share some similarities in thought with Washington, for example Du Bois also believed that African-Americans needed to help bring themselves out of social inequality.However, unlike Washington, Du Bois believed that African-Americans needed leadership from a college-educated elite and that simple-minded vocational education wasnt enough to elevate the position of African-Americans in society, custody we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools in arrangeigence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it this is the curriculum of that higher(prenominal) E ducation which must underlie true life.On this foundation we may build bread winning, skill of hand and quickness of brain, with never a fear lest the child and man mistake the means of living for the object of life7, Du Bois set out the compositions of an elite group of African-Americans teaching another(prenominal)(prenominal) African-Americans in his The Talented Tenth article, the idea being that there was one in ten African-Americans, the talented tenth, was capable of becoming an influential leader, who would lead other African-Americans to a better future.Du Bois had many criticism of Washington, many of which he set out in an essay in 1903 titled Of Mr Booker T Washington and Others. Du Bois felt that Washington focused too much on vocational education and that his educational program was too narrow 8. This accompaniment criticism no doubt evolved from Du Bois own education which was wide and varied, and his more privileged background which allowed him the luxury of explo ring avenues of education that wouldnt directly lead to work. Du Bois also believed that Washingtons methods and arguments practically accepts the alleged inferiority of the Negro races9.This criticism is almost on the whole valid as Washington himself stated that African-Americans should accept White advantage in his Atlanta Expedition Address, and while it is doubtful that Washington himself power saw the African-American race as inferior, he did little to try and lead the general population otherwise. Washington urged African-Americans to earn security through economic means and technical skills, and he roll little importance on higher education and political and social rights, believing that they would follow course from economic freedom.However Du Bois argued that this onrush would lead to many African-Americans living below the privation line, because he believed that it was impossible for most people to gain economic rights and freedoms when they were unbalanced socia lly. Du Bois also clashed with Washington due to their differing political ideologies. While Washington championed capitalistic ideals, Du Bois, who became a leading Black Marxist, felt that any social freedoms gained by economic progress would make the African-American population into dishonest bills makers 10.Du Bois Marxist views came into play with other disparagements he had with Washington, most apparent in 1903 when Du Bois tried to prove Washington was using hush money to mold the African-American press, to make sure his own views were the more favoured in impress 11. To some degree Du Bois criticisms of Washington were valid, as Washington did little to thaw the social issues that plagued the African-American race, so as not to seem arguable or threatening to the white population. However, when looking at the backgrounds of the two leaders it becomes obvious why they had such opposing views.Washington had been born a buckle down in the South and so he would naturally be more cautious and reserved when dealing with the white population as he knew the damage that a majority population could cause to African-Americans. He grow in a time when the number of lynchings was ever growing, and so he would fully recognise and understand the fear most African-Americans lived with. Du Bois by contrast, was born a freeman in the North, which was far more liberal and evaluate than the South and so he didnt have a proper range of the everyday problems and anxieties many African-Americans dealt with.It can also be argued that while Du Bois fatigued large amounts of his time criticising Washington, he actually did nothing practical to transport the progress of African-Americans the way Washington did with the Tuskegee Institute. While Du Bois was Washingtons most vocal and famed opponent, he was far from the only challenger. A black president of Atlanta University, John Hope, was vocal of his disagreement with Washingtons Atlanta Address, stating in 1896 I study it as cowardly and dishonest for any of our coloured men to tell white people and coloured people that we are not essay for equality.Now catch your breath, for I am going to say that we demand social equality 12. While this view was to be expected among Northern black leaders, Hope shattered the illusion that all African-Americans in the South were unforced to simply accept their lowered social status. William Monroe Trotter, editor of the Boston Guardian, was another of Washingtons most unforgiving critics and claimed that Washington, whatever good he may do, has hurt and is injuring the race more than he can aid it by his school.Let us hope that Booker Washington will remain mouth-closed at Tuskegee. If he will do this, all his former sins will be forgiven13. Trotters views are to some degree far harsher than Du Bois were, but the general idea foundation is the same, that Washington was not helping the African-American race by deemphasising the importance of social equa lity, and that he was in fact hindering to movement. Trotter also challenged Washington at a National Negro Business League meeting in Boston while Washington was giving a speech.Trotter posed a number of questions that challenged Washington and his views, before he was arrested. While Washington did not respond to the challenges, Trotter made his point and the incident was reported as The Boston Riot the next day in papers. As can be seen, Washington and Du Bois had to some degree very opposing views on how to handle and progress the African-American race. Washington put great empathise on vocational education that would give practical skills to African-Americans living in the South.Rather than focus on social and political equality, Washington stressed the importance of economic advancement, believing that once the second-rate African-American had the power of wealth that political and social freedoms and powers would follow. Washington felt there was great importance in appeasi ng the white majority, for the economic and political power it affording him in furthering the African-American cause and because he lived in the churned-up South, where it was dangerous to be a radical black man.Du Bois political ideas contrasted with Washingtons idea of appeasement and he had a far more radical approach to Civil Rights. Du Bois didnt think that it was possible for African-Americans to achieve economic equality before they had achieved social and political equality. Du Bois more radical approach stems from his background, as he did not share the same fear as Washington and did not experience the same forms of racism. Bu Bois could afford to be more radical has he had not experienced slavery and his placement in the North meant that he did not share the fear of lynching that many in the South had.Du Bois also put more empathise on academic teaching and did not feel that Washingtons vocational education would be useful in helping the progress of African-Americans. H owever, Washington and Du Bois did share some similarities in political thought. They both recognised the importance of having the support of powerful white men, who could both finance and encourage their cause. While both Washington and Du Bois had good arguments for doing things in their particular ways, it is probably safe to say that neither had perfect strategies. Washington was too timid to argue for equality, and Du Bois had no practical ideas he could implement.It is fair to suggest that a mixture of their two views would have been the best way to progress the African-American cause, as Washington had practical methods of improved the average African-Americans life, such as the Tuskegee Institute, and Du Bois was able to protest the obvious oppression that African-Americans suffered.Bibliography American Memory from the Library of Congress, 2008, National Negro Business League,http//lcweb2. loc. gov8081/ammem/amrlhtml/dtnegbus. html Fairclough, Adam, 2002, make better Day C oming Blacks and Equality, 1890-2000, New York Penguin Books Franklin, John H. Meier, August, 1982, Black Leaders of the 20th Century, Illinois University of Illinois Press History Matters, 2006, Booker T. Washington Delivers the 1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech,http//historymatters. gmu. edu/d/39/ History Matters, 2006, W. E. B. DuBois Critiques Booker T. Washington Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others,http//historymatters. gmu. edu/d/40 TeachingAmericanHistory. org, 2008, The Talented Tenth by WEB Du Bois,http//teachingamericanhistory. org/library/index. asp viper? document=174 White, John,1985, Black Leadership in America 1895-1968, New York Longman Inc.

Greed Essay †Enron and Northern Rock Corporate Collapse

AbstractThe spectacular fracture of both Enron and blue shake up illustrate two re eachy different method actings of errant indemnity that deserve continual study.This see examines and compares the roles of both companies during their individual period of failure in order to de enclosureine the fundamental causes that take each of these companies to ruin. The evidence presented come onlines a sit of greed, want and slimy policy that combined to drive the entities to failure. This research testament be of value to all person looking into corporeal fracture.1 IntroductionFailure in cable sector comes in m both a(prenominal) forms making continual emilitary rating beneficial. The fictional characters of the spectacular collapse of both Enron and northerly excite illustrate two truly distinct methods of errant policy. This essay examines and compares the roles of both companies during this period of failure in order to determine the fundamental causes that led ea ch of these companies to ruin. With a snap on the role of dissembler, commercialise value account, fraud and creative explanation this study will identify and evaluate the underlying causes that arouse been ascribe with defining duty risk in the redbrick age.In the demolition, this essay examines and evaluates the fundamental factors associated with the collapse of Enron and Union rocknroll with the severalised goal of find the high hat methods of avoiding such a scenario in the future.2 bodied Collapse2.1 OverviewEnron was one time considered a blue chip apparelment with the inherent capacity to keen-sighted pillow some(prenominal)(prenominal) portfolio during the 1990s until the collapse of 2001 (Khan, 2011). Once regarded as a post-mortem coronation, Enron became associated with a immense range of impugnable news report perpetrate, fraud and insider employment during their term of operations. Over the course of 1990s, Enron was cited and held up as a tug of innovation and performance with m whatever(prenominal) cosmoss attempting to emu after-hours their professed success (Arnold and Lange, 2004). This early latria of the rising club seems to have accessiond overall investor interest and expectation. With a platform based on gas and electricity and a long list of associated enterp rears including online and investiture services expendd by nearly either early(a) capacity entity of the period, Enron was the acknowledged leader in the international energy industry (Solomon and Solomon, 2004). With a broad based system of investors, in that respect was lusty fallout when the final collapse of the company was announced in 2001, with many in the industry decrying the miss of oversight amid the opportunity for fraud (Khan, 2011). The rise and fall of Enron, even on basic level is a reproval of a companys ability to build and play upon investors expectations, which indicates a willingness on the share of the investors to risk their money in a uncertain investment. Union disputation was one time considered a leading voice in the UK depositing industry (Marshall et al, 2012). Created as a result of a merger amongst the North East twist confederacy and the blue counties Permanent Building Society and the Rock Building Society, the Northern Rock Building Society was in an ideal position to create and further their own business interests. A key area of concern for investors was the fact that Northern Rock derived its capital from depositors until the deregulation efforts of the 1980s (Marshall et al, 2012). With the relaxation of oversight, it became possible for entities such as Northern Rock to consider and implement alternate solutions for revenue sum up that included heavy investment in the stock market and owe industry. Complementing the sensing of lead and dedication to the market were statistics that cited Northern Rock as one of the leading mortgage lenders during the period of the e arly 2000s (Mclean and Elkind, 2003). With a wish to capitalize as much as possible on the conditions of the growing market, which included the American mortgage market prior to 2008, Northern Rock leading opted to invest heavily in the subprime market that generated so much take in during this period (Dawley et al, 2012). This argument suggests that the old industry locality that was home to the companys operations had a direct advert on the initial success and eventual failure of the Ban.This initial overview demonstrates that thither was a real drive to produce revenue on the part of both of these companies, which in manoeuvre fuelled their train to succeed at any cost. In both cases, Enron and Northern Rock began with a legitimate business foundation, yet desired a continual increase in exponent and revenue which led to poor finalitys and policy implementation. In a in truth real way, this brief illustration suggests that the success factor prompted these companies to a ct in the selfish and rash manner that brought about their belt downfall.2.2 Companies2.2.1 EnronThe manner in which leadership creates, endorses and implements a company policy is a critical component to any entities day to day operations (OConnell, 2004). In this case Enron leadership including heap take down, Jeffrey Skilling and Andy Fastow were primarily credited with first leading the company to incredible heights, and and so engineering the ample failure due to their own incredible greed. peradventure a leading indicator of the manner of leadership Ken Lay found appealing lay in his continual support of the crude oil trading company headed by Borget that was deemed acceptable as long as there was a profit, regardless(prenominal) of method (Swartz and Watkins, 2003). Organizational shade built on greed and corruption will draw out to breed these alike elements throughout any organization (Solomon et al, 2004). In this case Enron leaderships goal of creating a natur e gas stock exchange was impelled by the desire to increase market share and revenue. In the radical this form of innovation and aggressive marketing were deemed acceptable, but with subsequent discoveries of accounts including M. Yass, or My ass, created by Borget there was an acknowledgement of corruption (Fox, 2003). Despite Enron initially endorsing Borget and his practices as the scope of the losses mounted, Ken Lay actively denied any improper doing, taking advantage of the lack of information that he cultivated.The lack of any serious form of financial oversight allowed Enron to create questionable forms of explanation and bookkeeping that extended their perception of propriety (Solomon, 2004). During deregulation effort of the late twentieth century, there was serious contention on the part of the business community that there was a use up to reduce regulation in order to benefit the consumer. Leadership at Enron eagerly campaigned on the thought that deregulation wou ld actively increase the capacity for the worker (Swartz et al, 2003). Blaming regulation for higher(prenominal) electricity the lobbyists were largely successful in their drive to remove any meaningful oversight in the industry. This push included a state by state approach that allowed Enron to utilize their regional positions to great advantage, thereby ensuring a smoother experience (Boje et al, 2004). Skilling created concept of an asset lite strategy, or non actually owning the assets, simply bundling and selling the energy, which in modus operandi pop the questiond Enron with a potential method to forcefulally increase revenue with pocket-sized to no paper trail (Solomon et al, 2014). The summer of 1998 witnessed a bonanza for Enron as there was a perception of volatility that enabled them to drastically capitalize on the market, leading to the perception that Skilling was a genius (Swartz et al, 2003). During this period following deregulation many of the Enrons greatest profits were made by employees finding loopholes and exploiting these business relationship or business practices to the utmost in order to increase revenue (Arnold and Lange, 2005). Again, this policy of attempting to end run regulation scarcely promotes the unreasonable ideal that the company or its employees was smarter than the system. Enron has been credited with employing many questionable score techniques during their period of operation in order to bolster expectations (Gordon, 2002). This drive to tin a continuous profit for the company led the leadership to feign accounting system practices that did much to obstruct the revelation of negative data in order to maintain profits. A combination of being at the expert place in the form of evolving deregulation and belonging to a culture of greed and corruption created the atmosphere that prompted these increasingly poor accounting practices (Macey, 2003). At the heart of Enrons trouble rests a lack of strong unified governance and an increasing disregard for public regulation and investor welfare (Vinten, 2002). outset with methods that merely bent the rules, the accounting practices at Enron had to beget larger in order to account for the burgeoning debt that was being created (Parker, 2005). This form of creative bookkeeping suggests that there was a strong knowledge that operations at the company were not only limited in scope, but there was a requisite to make as much money as possible at any cost. This form of accounting was illustrated in the Mark to Market accounting expansion that served to misinform investors on absolute valuations, thereby increasing Enrons value (Shelly, 2011). While essentially legal, the stretching and reinterpretation of the rules allowed Enron to create a wide margin of profit on paper. Further, the use of limited partnership and immaterial parties increase the level of secrecy and uncertainty that surrounded every Enron valuation serve up including the Cr edit Default Swaps and Collateralised Debt Obligations (Swartz et al, 2010). These measures became requisite in order to provide the company with the means to maintain expectations, bonuses and pensions. From the outset, Enron was out to make money (Jennings, 2002). distributively innovation was aimed at delivering the most revenue to the leadership, not the investors. apiece decision and example of culture illustrates the greed and ambition of those behind the Enron debacle. In the accounting profession a fair presentation is regarded as an accurate federal agency of a working operation, creative accounting is identified as conciliatory practice that best serves the interests of the clients, with fraudulent accounting made up of those that blatantly step outside the law (Buckley, 2011). Enron has displayed an initial fair value accounting method that degenerated into a fraudulent accounting method with evidence that paints a portrait of unrestrained greed, propped up by poor r egulation and aided by tacit indulgence of success. There is a clear need to conduct ethical business in order to sustain opportunities (Gill, 2009). This was does not seem to have happened in the case of Enron. This evidence suggests that no outlet how Enron had attempted to compensate for poor practice, there could have been no other plausible outcome than failure.2.2.2 Northern RockInitially specialising in residential and commercial mortgages Northern Rock quickly became an industry frontrunner under the leadership of Adam Applegarth in 2001(Marshall et al, 2012). This form of leadership actively profited from the prior methods of operation, utilizing the past profit to invest in the present stock market, primarily the growing sector mortgage securities. Linsley and Slack (2013) argue that prior to 2001 Northern Rock projected a ethic of care, which in turn was cited for the intense feelings of betrayal following the collapse of the Bank. There was a hotshot that leadership o f the Bank was overly enterprising in their efforts to capitalize on their existing assets by putting all of the previous savings at risk (Marshall et al, 2012). This suggests that the clientele of Northern Rock expected their leadership to take greater care and substantially less risk. Three primary points including Northern Rocks previous existence as a building society, the local or regional nature of the bank and the air of the Northern Rock Foundation bolstered the perception of a caring institution that was out to serve the populace (Linsley, 2013). With the change in policy brought about by a new leader, there was a palpable sense of anger and disillusionment with both Northern Rock and the direction of their investments. It very much seems as if was this effort from the previous eras, the caring and attentive military capability that served to amplify the negativity as the bank began to crumble under the weight down of poor leadership and management. With the onset of th e subprime collapse in the United States and the massive international recession that followed, it became impossible for Northern Rock to meet its financial obligations, which in turn prompted the failure of the bank (Linsley et al, 2013).The innovative nature of the investment pattern such as the Together investment scenario set out by Northern Rock was a stark departure from the mutualisation process of previous eras (Nesvetailova and Palan, 2013). With the ambitious investment goals set out by Applegarth, it became necessary for the bank to move from the 75% per cent income from depositors to a much more modest 25% with the remaining balance being accounted for by investment and loans (Nesvetailova, 2013). As reflected by consumer discontentment with the policy decision, the entire process became dislike and heavily blamed for the eventual run on the bank. The new pattern of investment required Northern Rock to pursue securitization in a fashion that created special purpose vehi cles in order to allow these securities to become liquid and thereby tradable (Deegan and Unerman, 2011). This process allowed Northern Rock to obscure their accurate worth by essentially hiding these accounts offshore (Scott, 2008). With an accounting practice that was creative and innovative at the time, Northern Rock utilized this method in order to expand their projected revenues, thereby further enhancing their operations. In order to continue lending at the bank level, mortgages could be sold, or further cash arrogateed on the mortgage securities, which in turn unplowed Northern Rock liquid initially (Gaffikin, 2008). This culture of greed no matter the cost fuelled the leadership drive to not only continue this practice, but expand it to in incorporated up to 50 per cent of the Northern Rock operational platform (Deegan et al, 2011).Depending too heavily on any volatile market has the potential to put any operation at risk at any time (Domhoff, 2013). This evidence suggests that Northern Rock was substantially impacted by the subprime mortgage collapse and the inability to borrow money from the lenders. With a business model that was directly dependant on the interbank lending process, this sudden halt of funding was a severe and crippling blow, only enhanced by the need for the bank to have these funds on hand in order to shore up fade public support. The perception of dismay and lack of trust only increased as Northern Rock found itself undercut by rivals with transgress loan rates (Deegan et al, 2011). With no ready pool of funding usable and no one to purchase the securities, some of which were frozen due to questionable value, the internal situation deteriorated to the point of collapse nearly overnight.Regulation and lack of effective constraints in the financial process has been cited as an element of the Northern Rock collapse (Nesvetailova, 2013). There was a sustained feeling that the fickle pattern of return quickly overwhelmed any reg ulation effort, which in turn led to unsatisfactory testing and performance assessments. The caring culture that once benefited operations at Northern Rock was transformed to increased discontent with the announcement of the government bailout, which in turn fuelled the run on the bank (Deegan, et al, 2011). This evidence suggests that it was the very elements of safe investment that had given Northern Rock the opportunity for investment initially and that the prudent course of action would have been to maintain a pattern of considerate investment rather than an complete bid for industry leadership. With the nationalization of the Northern Rock entity, the government became the only remaining investor, shouldering the substantial loss that had once been a thriving multi-generational company (Deegan et al, 2011).3 ConclusionBoth Enron and Northern Rock exhibited similar and clearly different traits as this study as illustrated. Each of the companies possessed leadership that was ver y focused on success and revenue. This culture of greed and ambition served to initially propel both companies into positions of leadership which was demonstrated by their drastic increase in value and recognition during the early phases. While both companies began with fair trade accounting methods, there were driving forces behind each entities operation after that period. Enron began to employ outright fraud in their accounting practices, in some cases going so far as to only create fictional assets in order to maintain viability. In strain Northern Rock employed creative accounting methods to legally utilize their existing assets to invest in the subprime mortgage market. While Northern Rocks leadership made poor choices, there was no element of blatant fraud as perpetrated by Enron. There was a distinct organisational culture flutter between Enron and Northern Rock. The ethic of care environment enacted a perception of interest in the consumers of Northern Rock aided the lon g term business efforts and sustained operations over generations. Enron was focused on profit and the means to increase profit from the point of inception, creating management techniques that encouraged a liberal interpretation of any regulation, placing revenue generation above the need to present a high level of honesty during operation. A law of similarity that binds both companies together was the leadership intention to use the open market to increase their net assets. Further, there was a directed action by both management institutions to hide the debt from the consumer and investors in order to prop up their image and brand. Once considered pioneering, creative and innovative the combination of deregulation, massive growth and complex rules provided a wide range of opportunities that these companies chose to exploit for their own gain. Each of these entities found itself in the position that required them to borrow money in order to meet expectations. Lacking the means to bo rrow money was the termination knell for both of these enterprises. Northern Rock found itself caught in the subprime mortgage collapse and Enron found itself the focus of scrutiny concerning their assets and true valuation. In the end both Enron and Northern Rock exhibited poor policy decision as well as experiencing bad luck. While there is no guaranty in the business world, large scale deception and fraud will eventually come back to roost. It was the utilization of questionable practice, greed and ambition that served to derail these companies, teaching us all that honesty is indeed the best policy.4 ReferencesArnold, B. and De Lange, P. 2004. Enron an examination of agency problems. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 15 (6), pp. 751765. Boje, D. M., Rosile, G. A., Durant, R. A. and Luhman, J. T. 2004. Enron eyeglasses A critical dramaturgical analysis. Organization Studies, 25 (5), pp. 751774. Buckley, A. 2011. fiscal crisis. Harlow, England Financial Times apprentice Hal l. Dawley, S., Marshall, N., Pike, A., Pollard, J. and Tomaney, J. 2012. Continuity and evolution in an old industrial region the labour market dynamics of the rise and fall of Northern Rock. Regional Studies, (ahead-of-print), pp. 119. Deegan, C. and Unerman, J. 2011. Financial Accounting hypothesis European Edition, second Edition, McGraw Hill. wise York, NY. Domhoff, G. W. 2013. The myth of liberal ascendancy. Boulder Paradigm Publishers. Fox, L. 2003. Enron. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley. Gaffikin, M. 2008. Accounting Theory Research, Regulation and Accounting Practice, Pearson Education. New York, NY. Gill, M. 2009, Accountants Truth companionship and Ethics in the Financial World, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1(1). Gordon, J. N. 2002. What Enron means for the management and control of the modern business corporation some initial reflections. The University of Chicago constabulary Review, 1(1) pp. 12331250. Gordon, R. W. 2002. New Role for Lawyers The Corporate Counselor after En ron, A. Conn. L. Rev., 35 p. 1185. Jennings, M. M. 2002. Primer on Enron Lessons from a Perfect Storm of Financial Reporting, Corporate Governance and honest Culture Failures, A. Cal. WL Rev., 39 p. 163. Khan, M. A. 2011. The Reasons Behind a Corporate Collapse A Case Study of Enron.Available at SSRN 1923277. Linsley, P. M. and Slack, R. E. 2013. Crisis management and an ethic of care the case of Northern Rock Bank. Journal of business ethics, 113 (2), pp. 285295. Macey, J. R. 2003. Efficient capital markets, corporate disclosure, and Enron. Cornell L. Rev., 89 p. 394. Marshall, J., Pike, A., Pollard, J. S., Tomaney, J., Dawley, S. and Gray, J. 2012. Placing the run on Northern Rock. Journal of Economic Geography, 12 (1), pp. 157181. Mclean, B. and Elkind, P. 2003. The smartest guys in the room. New York Portfolio. Nesvetailova, A. and Palan, R. 2013. Minsky in the Shadows Securitization, Ponzi Finance, and the Crisis of Northern Rock. Review of Radical political Economics, 45 (3), pp. 349368. OConnell, B. T. 2004. Enron. ConHe that filches from me my good name makes me poor indeed. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 15 (6), pp. 733749. Parker, L. D. 2005. Corporate governance crisis down under post-Enron accounting education and research inertia. European Accounting Review, 14 (2), pp. 383394. Richardson, S. 2011. From the Invisible Hand to CEO Speak Enron and a Rhetoric of Corporate Collapse. Russell, D. 2013. Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability, Vol. 3Business and Sustainability Concepts Strategies and Changes. International Journal of Law and Management, 55 (1), pp. 7476. Scott, W. R. 2008 Financial Accounting Theory, 5th Edition, FT Prentice Hall. Solomon, J. and Solomon, A. 2004. Corporate governance and accountability. New York John Wiley. Swartz, M. and Watkins, S. 2003. Power failure. New York Doubleday. Vinten, G. 2002. The corporate governance lessons of Enron. Corporate Governance, 2 (4), pp. 49.

Communication Trends

Delver Business communication plays a vital component in my day-to-day work activities as a hairstylist in soul elses salon. For the most part, I use electronic communicating options same(p) the smartened, multimedia messages, email, and instant messages. Communicating effectively with my clientele by guardianship these lines of communication open is what I depend on to keep spoil of my clients and they rat keep track of me.I use my smartened as the sole ejaculate of communicating with my clients. They piece of tail call me during a certain time frame, they nominate request involutions, through email and text, and they can always request their appointment times over my voice mail. Once my clientele make polish off with me, I then set there appointment right to my calendars. I use my smartened as my PDA, to take credit card payments and I can send my clients a receipt of their payments through text messaging or email.This trend in business communication has helped me cut ba ck on buying office supplies and appointment books. I am more organise with my scheduling and I keep better track of my finances. Portable media players, and Pads, and cordial media have become the backbone of the Cosmetology field. most hair stylists and salons can be found over the internet. We can order our products over the internet, and even do personal tutorials over the internet.The beauty industry has taken well to the modish software technology. The software has allowed salon owners to run their entire salon exploitation communication technology this is a huge milestone for hairdressers and salon owners. Most hairdressers, who are independent contractors, can operate their business inside someone elses salon, pay the necessary payments and fees for the space and ammunition with their clientele on a one-on-one basis.Stylists can also showcase their skills and the styles they can do by posting them on their personal business websites, on social media, and they can shoot l ive videos that can be accessible to a monumental number of viewers. These forms of business communication is allowing hairstylists on all levels to be be after entrepreneurs and this wave of independent entrepreneurship is sending a strong message that entails being in cosmetology now means you are in a avocation that is innovative with style trends but also innovative with business communications.

A Most Ambitious Experiment

Reading Log prenomen A Most Ambitious Experiment Author Mike Krath duration 5 pages Plot What is the compendious bosh ab appear? Message? vague messages? Its ab kayoed a man named Robert who travels 20 years in advance in clock to find knocked out(p) if he had invested his money well. He tells his wife hell be hindquarters in five minutes, unless instead she waits for 20 years for his return. When he comes back he finds out his wife had spent all the money. He travels back in prison term to make sure she cannot do that again, and eventually kills her in assure to score on his investment in the future and then return back five minutes before the murder.However, the future Robert kills the old Robert as concisely as he arrives. Describe the setting (where does the fabrication take outrank? ). Some short stories are written to highlight a supernumerary place (e. g. a city) or a special period of epoch (e. g. the time after the Second World War). The setting can in li ke manner involve a limited group of people (social class, students etc. ). The bill is set in the house of Robert and his wife. Robert goes down the basement every time he makes a time travel while his wife is postponement for him in their home, startling her when he shows up in their home 20 years later.Who is telling the story? (Who is the narrator? ) Perhaps the author has chosen a particular person to tell the story. Why? The main characters are Robert and his wife. The story is told from a third-person perspective and focus mostly on Roberts wife as shes is waiting for him, thinking he derelict her. She even contacts the authorities to search for him, but after a fewer months the shut down the case and she legally declares him dead in order to get hold of the money he put away in a fund. What is the authors message to the reader? Why was the story written? What is the overall meaning of the story? ) Has the story affected you? In what way(s)? I dont know if theres a real message behind this story. It describes much of the wifes feelings towards Robert, as she first is worried that something had happened to him, then thinking he had abandoned her. over the years she grows bitter and spiteful against him. Robert doesnt seem to realize he has made her wait for 20 years and becomes angry when he finds out she spent the money.Hes also shown to take very wide risks just to find out how the funds are working out He isnt sure of the outcome of the experiment and displays no incredulity when he kills his wife, thinking he will travel back in time before he could do that. However his plan backfires and hes killed by his future self. Rating give the short story a grade from 1-5 and motivate the grade, why was it good or braggart(a)? Id give this story a rating of three. It isnt badly written, but the story isnt very engaging.The author could slang described in more detail the feelings of the wife, or went more in-depth with Robert and the comment of his character and motivations. I like the time-travelling theme and the ending, which is somewhat humorous although tragic. phrase pick five words from one or several short stories and explain them in English. 1. scowl frown, bitter expression 2. muddled her legal opinion was muddled, i. e. she was confused 3. ambitious desire for success and achievment 4. grubby corruptive or filthy 5. inquire investigate, inspect

Historical Research Essay

association football is regarded as the most popular sport in todays world and has been estimated to be played by more than 40 zillion people. Considering such high popularity, the epidemiology of soccer stain is needed to be historically researched in an extensive way. In numerous European nations, fleshly injuries standard from this game take around 40% of total sports related accidental injury ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson, & angstrom Gibson, 2001).Using the non-parametric statistics, historical research must be conducted by transcription the intense injuries and the symptoms in professional soccer imposters by canvass the frequency of occurrence and injury tempo during sports and practices.MATERIALS AND METHODProfessional soccer players of any team, while playing in their league, has to be studied on daily basis for past few years when they are intermeshed in their preseason time July to August and game season September to whitethorn . Other important data that is also required may intromit the age, experience statistical distribution and anthropometric attributes of each player.During the game activities in past years, the record of personal consultations may also be usable where players registered any injury received in ongoing games or practices that resulted in missing the upcoming game or practice session. The external pretend elements, the active causes, the attributes, the anatomical points, and the event, whether it is practice session or material game, of the tendinous or skeletal traumas will provide crucial statistics.Any physical incident occurred during actual game or practice session that keeps a player to continue his game or practice session is called as injury. Injuries are categorized into three grades depending upon their severityMinor injury It keeps the player absent from games or practices for not more than superstar week.Moderate injury It keeps the player absent from game or practices for one week to one monthMa jor injury It keeps player absent from game or practices for more than one month.In many previous studies, the same miscellany has been done ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson & Gibson, 2001). Injury rate is measured as injuries occurred in each thousand hours of playing this involves both practicing and actual game dismantle that in historical research it would be recommended to exclude the goalkeepers as assorted similar research studies showed they incur different rates of injuries.RESULTSBy recording a total of 100 injuries we can discover the percentage of injuries occurred during the actual game and during practice sessions. The intensity of injuries that results in absence from the game or practice can also be measured. The findings will show the rate of mild injuries, moderate injuries and major injuries as well.The anatomic point and the large-minded of injuries must be a focus in historical research. canvass cases may involve injuries on Spine, thorax, back, lumba r spine, Pelvis, femur, knee, tibia, mortise joint, foot, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand injuries.Previous studies had showed that in lower extremity injuries, the knees and ankles are the most injured joints of the soccer players ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson & Gibson, 2001).Ankle injuries are reported to be occurred about 1631 % of the all, whereas knee injuries are almost 1434%. There is a dramatic need of more historical research within the ankle and knee injuries to investigate percentages in youth and adult players having mixed cleverness levels ( Peterson, Junge, Chomiak, Graf-Baumann & Dvorak, 2000).

Curriculum designing guidelines Essay

Purpose The construction of experiences and outcomes that effectively provide progression in each syllabus world and lift the values, principles and purposes of A course of study for Excellence is central to the success of the program. In particular, it is big that you reflect relevant aspects of the four capacities in your work. If we can get this powerful these outcomes and experiences will have a significant, positive, impact on classroom form and hence on the learning experience of all children and young people.It is an fire prospect. Starting point In phase 1 each early on review group should be asked to simplify and prioritise the broadcast (from advance 3 to 15 in the first instance) retaining what currently works strong and making changes where these were justified by research evidence. The output from phase 1 of the review process and the rationale for your curriculum area, research and other issue and international comparators are your starting points.Your wor k will be base on the relevant parts of the Curriculum Frameworks for Children 3 5, 5 14 guidelines, Standard Grade, and National Qualifications. It is important that experience and outcome statements you write at each Curriculum for Excellence level provide appropriate cognitive demand. The framework for outcomes The experiences and outcomes will sit within a framework of advice to teachers. Curriculum Area The eight curriculum areas are Expressive Arts, Health and Wellbeing, Languages, Maths, unearthly and Moral Education, Science, Social Studies and Technologies.Rationale The rationale provides an overview of the curriculum area states its of import purposes and describes its contribution to the values and purposes. Subsets of the curriculum area Each curriculum area is subdivided either into fields of learning or subjects (e. g. Expressive Arts into art, drama, bound and music) or into aspects of learning in that area (e. g. Languages into listening and talking, reading a nd writing) Lines of schooling These identify learning tracks in each subset of the curriculum area.They are verbalized in different ways in each area of the curriculum. For typesetters case within expressive arts they identify the skills to be developed creating, presenting and evaluating in art, drama, dance and music within science they describe broad areas of companionship and understanding to be developed biodiversity, being human and cells in Our animateness World. Experiences and outcomes Within each line of development, experiences and outcomes describe the expected progression in learning for children and young people. Essential outcomes.Essential outcomes are a niggling number of high level statements, derived from the main purposes described in the rationale, that capsulize what learning in that curriculum area provides for all children and young people. interpreted together, the essential outcomes are peg downed to sum up the expectations for the broad usual educ ation of all young people. The focus of your work will be writing the experiences and outcomes for your curriculum area. It is likely that there will be interplay amid what you produce and the essential outcomes , which are the ones helping to shape and refine the other in an iterative manner.Outcomes should be written in the clearest attainable English. Where possible these should be accessible to children and young people, but not at the put down of clarity. It is also important to try to write lively and engaging experiences and outcomes. exceed Practices of Writing the Curriculum Ultimately the intention is to produce streamlined counselling for the entire curriculum in a single document. We also intend to make the outcomes available in electronic format to allow curriculum leaders and teachers to identify and blend outcomes from both within and beyond curriculum areas. Several stages will be required to achieve this.