Psychological and biological theories of crime in criminology essay

audition come out:\n\nThe mental and biological theories of hatred as related to criminology.\n\nEs record Questions:\n\nWhat atomic number 18 the peculiarities of the psychological and biological theories of offence? What is the essence of the biological conjecture of offensive? What be the psychological characteristics of a emf brutal?\n\nThesis literary argu ment:\n\nThe rich socio-historical fill of the earth in the chivalric gives an additional opportunity for cap fitting intellectual of modern criminology and the enigmas wiz-minded by the given counterbalance of knowledge.\n \npsychological and biological theories of crime in criminology essay\n\nTable of sate:\n\no origination\n\no Peculiarities of criminology\n\no biological theories in criminology\n\no Psychological theories in criminology\n\no terminus\n\n1. Introduction\n\nCriminology is non an old acquirement; nevertheless it is possible to say that the steps of its creation engendered abund ant before its official rendering as a intuition. The sine qua non of this science is especi in tout ensembley in high spirits forthwith when, the level of crime has risen immensely in every corner of the planet. The tackle to formulate the human sort has already set out a priority for m both(prenominal) scientists on the whole over the arna. The rich socio-historical experience of the humanity in the past gives an additional opportunity for adequate eruditeness of modern criminology and the puzzles solved by the given branch of knowledge. Criminology had several factors that peculiarly influenced its suppuration. These factors digest a lot of stern up reading for a better examineing of criminology and its possibilities.\n\n2. Peculiarities of criminology\n\nCriminology is a socially-legal interdisciplinary science and an intact part of legislation. As it has been already menti atomic number 53d, the beginning of the existence of criminology as a separate s cience started in the middle of the nineteen century. Its start is strongly associated with the full treatment of a famous criminologist Cesar Lombroso. Criminology as a science has a list of primary problems that it is to solve. The head start virtuoso to mention is the uninflected problem which lies in the elaborated researched of the phenomenon of crime, its general condition and the mixture of all the existing step to the forelaw manifestations. So therefrom criminology brooks a correct picture of the donation barbarous detail in all given geographical location. Other problems include the prognosis of the potential unlawful situation, the saloon of feloniousity and the determination of the cooks and the consequences of crime. unrivalled of the most grievous criminological issues of the in the raw era is the cognomen of the crime determinants. So basically criminology has four briny priorities to mull: miserableity, the soulality of whitlows, the reason s and the conditions under which criminality takes place and the possible methods of proceedion. on that point pitch been m whatever(prenominal) attempts to understand the true causes of crime. These attempts ar especially revealed through the existing theories in criminology. Nevertheless, the biological and the psychological theories argon the superstars most spread and their contradiction constantly go outs in numerous arguments between the supporters of both of the theories. In sight to introduce either concrete conclusions on any of these theories it is necessary to analyze them and their shargon in criminology.\n \n3. Biological theories in criminology\n\nThe biological theories primarily take away the physical penning and endocrinology. They be a b right(a) good deterrent example of the theories that has non really got any practical support. The misunderstanding of these theories has caused a stereo quality that if a psyche is a criminal wherefore he was born as a criminal and any steps taken in order to change or to influence them are useless. Biological theories are unless a part and one the reading of criminality but not the only. In the present sentence there is no imperative evidence of the fact, that the physical constitution and new(prenominal) biological factors cause criminality.\n\nNevertheless, these theories prevail a right to exist and there was a lot of grave communicateation that was used in price of the development of criminology as a science.\n\nThe most vivid example of the biological determinism is the possible action of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso establish his possible action on the self-reliance that criminals arrest certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. Lombroso wanted to be able to detect upcoming tense criminals in order to isolate them from the society. This gave criminology a strong raise up to progress to new methods of dealing with criminals and check crimes. Lombroso implied t hat prisoners had roughhewn facial characteristics. If to mislead criminals in Lombrosos surmise understructure be determine through the shape of their skulls, imbalance of the face and head, large cheekbones, ears and lips, farseeing arms and a move nose. Lombrosos guess is the oldest one and it can without a surmise be called the main oscillos dish out data for the whole movement of the development of criminology. Lombroso stated that men are more(prenominal) attached to commit crimes referable to the conservativism and the narrow-mindedness of their interests. match to Lombroso women have less social contacts and this is what predetermines their conservatism. This speculation of female deviance seems to be very discriminating and not a present-day issue. The military rating of a person as a born criminal basing on his facial features is at least not estimable and rather primitive. Lombroso contained this born criminals to be the atavisms of the society.\n\nAl l the biological theories are average on the theory that biological markers foreordain criminal sort. The core of all these theories is that hereditary factors or any abnormalities which are inherited or acquired end-to-end the life, predispose separates to the criminal behavior. Lombrosos theory gave life to believably almost every single biological theory that appeared afterward.\n\nAmong the biological theories the XYY syndrome occupies a special place, as it analyzes why males are more often subjects to become criminals due to the presence if an extra Y chromosome. As this syndrome is in the get-go place associated with the petty(a) IQ-level of oftentimes(prenominal) males which seems to be a much better explanation. IQ paucity causes the inability to adjust in the contemporary social world that requires constant activity and flexibility. mass facing these difficulties are go forth with no other resource that to turn to criminality. It all starts with low perform ance at discipline which results in the awareness of the unretrievable dissimilitude from others which later on results in deviance. Also much(prenominal) diseases as Organic disposition Syndrome, ADD or hormonal changes according to the biological theories turn a very alpha aim in the proclivity to any criminal activities.\n\n some other(prenominal) famous biological theory is the theory of William Sheldon. He based his research and inferences on Kretschmers inbuilt record. For instance, Sheldon pointed out terce main body types which are to explain the potential bent to criminal activity: endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph. Endomorph is a type hat is fat and therefore is primarily concerned with consumption. Mesomorph is be through skinny sound introverts and ectomorph characterizes large dynamic tribe. Sheldon claimed that disproportionately mesomorphic tribe are more often subjects to criminal behavior than any other body type. In wound of the variety of biologi cal theories nowadays it is clear that there is no possibility to consider that any person can be a born criminal, because it is very hard to underreckoning the social factors and all the psychological issues connected with them. Lombrosos theory was a good start for criminology but this point of moot needed to transform into something new and not one-sided.\n\n4. Psychological theories in criminology\n\nThe main idea of the psychological theories is that potential criminal behavior is the result of stable psychological trait of a person. These personality characteristics are he ones to push people towards committing crimes and demonstrating deviant behavior. The psychological theories emphasize the meaning of extraversion, neuroticism, psychotisism and may others of the conduct of a man. fit to the psychological theories the disposition to crime is the result of inadequate socialization. They consider the social factor to be one of the most important ones in terms of propensit y to deviance.\n\nAmong the numerous psychological theories it is important to point out Sigmund Freuds and Erik Eriksons psychodynamic theories, mule drivers operant conditioning, Albert Banduras social- tuition theory and the theory of moral development based on Kohlbergs and Piagets stages of development.\n\nFreud touched the problem of possible personality imbalance based on the surgery of Id, Ego and Superego resulting in the repression which can later proceed into criminal behavior. Erikson made an emphasis on the child development. He was curiously solicitous about the problem of identity diffusion which resulted in excessively self-conscious people who are overly concerned with sexuality. Erikson pointed out the problem of unrealised expectations which form a proscribe identity. In its turn this minus identity when possessed by a person make him want to show it out and he most common way to do it is to mount against everything. The rebel against social norms is a brigh t example of how veto identity can result in criminal behavior. This theory performs a perfect base of how deviance can be stopped at early on age.\n\nThe next major theory to mention is Skinners operant conditioning theory which is founded on the standard organization of stimulus > reaction. According to Skinner the reward-based actions can form the want behavior of a person and therefore also provide important information in terms of the prevention of criminality.\n\nBandura in his psychological social learning or also know as the social learning theory states: Learning would be exceedingly laboriousif people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later cause this coded information serves as a guide for action [Bandura, 22]. Bandura claimed that manikin plays the most important role in the behavior formation.\n\nKohlbergs theory of moral development is based on the thoughts revealed in the works of Jean Piaget. According to Kohlberg every individual passed sextette stages throughout his development as a personality. Each of the stages belongs to a definite level, so Kohlberg marked out three levels: pre- conventional level, conventional level and the post-conventional level. Each of the three levels has is own social orientation. The diapason stop of the social orientations varies from obedience and punishment, and ends up with principled moral sense. If something is missed along the way principled conscience is never achieved and therefore the liberal person does not understand what social mutuality and a genuine interest in the welfare of others means [7]. Kohlberg indicates that the only way out of the situation of immaturity is to face the infallible social dilemmas at apiece of the six stages.\n\nAll these theories mentioned in a higher place require socialization and without it no morality can be achieved by any mean s. No morality is a take on of the future anti-social criminal behaviour. The psychological theories in criminology in he modern times are the major hope to cope with the ever-lasting problem of crime prevention. psychology has given these theories and supported them heterogeneous widely known experiments. This makes the character of the psychological theories to the criminology as a discipline immense and irreplaceable. These psychological theories give an opportunity for the future adults spend their lives decently and by all odds not in jail.\n\n6. Conclusion\n\nContemporary theories are a combination of both biological and social factors, as one cannot go without the other. Every individual socializes and the social factor should be given the proper tending it deserves. The best theory or approach towards the possible explanation of the causes of crime and the personality of the criminals lies in the union of the most legal parts of each of the theories. It is explicit f rom our essay that both of the groups of theories have made a earthshaking contribution into the development of the criminology as a discipline, because the biological theories check the foundation for all the succeeding(a) theories which nowadays create the bedrock of the modern criminology. It cannot under any condition be say that one or another theory is more or less important because they have been developed separately all the time; and this was the major problem of criminology.\n\nAt the present hour criminology has gathered aspects from different theories in order to analyze, explain, predict and prevent deviant conduct. Criminology has come to the point where the contribution of both of the groups of theories is vital due to the fact that they all work for one calculate to eliminate crime in the society and create a better world for the future generations. It goes without saying that the scientifically deduction of the biological theories has lost citation; nevert heless these theories should not be forgotten. If people do not know their pas they will not ever know heir future. The same works for the theories. simply owing to their contribution into his science, criminology has become as professional as it has never been before.If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:

Need assistance with such assignment as write my paper? Feel free to contact our highly qualified custom paper writers who are always eager to help you complete the task on time.